Deciding on the Marketing Program Essay

International companies or marketers may choose between two alternative approaches in developing its marketing strategies or marketing mix. These two approaches are: a. Global Marketing Strategy – defines a standard marketing mix and implements it with minimal modifications in all of its domestic and foreign markets. This standard approach saves money because it allows large-scale production runs and reinforces the brand’s image. It can foster collaborative innovation. Through global marketing strategy, Global firms can effectively market some goods and services to segments in many nations that share cultures and languages. This approach works best for products with strong, universal appeal such as McDonalds and for luxury products that target upscale consumers everywhere. b. Multidomestic Marketing Strategy- assumes the differences between market characteristics and competitive situations in certain nations require firms to customize their marketing decisions to effectively reach individual marketplaces. In other words, it is an application of market segmentation to foreign markets by tailoring the firm’s marketing mix to match specific target markets in each nation. Keegan has distinguished five adaptation strategies of product and promotion to a foreign market (see figure below). 1. Global Product Strategies a. Straight Extension – introducing the product in the foreign market without any changes. This strategy permits economies of scale in production and marketing, for it involves no additional R&D expense, manufacturing retooling, or promotional modification. Once implemented successfully, it cerates universal recognition of a product for consumers from country to country. b. Product Adaptation- involves altering the product to meet local conditions or preferences. There are several level of adapatations, it could be regional version, country version, city version and retailer version. c. Product Invention- consists of creating something new. It can take two forms, Backward invention and Forward invention. It is a costly strategy but the payoffs can be great. i. Backward Invention – is reintroducing esrlier product forms that are well adapted to a foreign country’s needs. ii. Forward Invention- is creating a new product to meet a need in another country. 2. Global Promotion Strategies d. Communication Adaptation – is the process in which a company run the same advertising and promotion campaigns used in the home market or change them for each local market. e. Dual Adaptation- is the process in which both the product and communication are being changed for each market/country. 3. Global Pricing Strategies Global Firms faces several pricing problems when selling abroad, they must deal with price escalation, transfer prices, dumping charges, and gray markets. f. Price Escalation- needs to adjust the marginal cost depending on the added costs including the currency-fluctustions risks to the product’s factory price inorder to attain the same profit locally. Because the price escalation varies from country to country, the question is how to sell the prices in different countries. Companies have three choices: iii. Setting uniform price everywhere iv. Setting a market-based price in each country v. Setting a cost-based price in each country g. Transfer Price- different prices that is being charged to its subsidiary in different countries/market h. Dumping – it occurs when a company charges either less than its costs or less than it charges in its home market, inorder to enter or win a market. i. Arm’s-lenght price – the rpice charged by other competitors for the same or a similar product j. Gray market – it occurs when the same product sells at different prices geographically. 4. Global Place (Distribution Channels) Strategies Many companies/manufactuers think their job is done oncethe product leaves the factory, however they should pay attention to how the product moves within the foreign country. They should take a whole-channel view of the problem of distributin products to final users. k. Seller’s international marketing headquarters- the export department or international division makes decisions on channels and other marketing mix- elements l. Channel’s between nation- gets the products to the borders of the foreign nation. The decision that is made on this link includes the types of intermediaries, type of tranportation, and financing and risk arrangements. m. Channel’s within foreign nations- gets the products from their entry point to final buyers and users. II. Deciding on the Marketing Organizations Companies manage their international marketing activities in three ways: through export departments, international divisions, or global organization. a. Export Department b. International Division i. Geographical Organization-each with vice presidents per region and each regional vice presidents has country managers who are responsible for a sales force, sales branches, distributors, and licensees in their respective country. ii. World Product Group-each with an international vice president responsible for worldwide sales of each product group iii. International Subsidiaries- each headed by a president c. Global Organization Several firms have become truly global organizations, these companies however faces several organizational complexities thus Bartlett and Ghoshal have proposed circumstances under which different approaches work best. They describe forces that favor ‘global integration’ versus ‘national responsiveness’. They distinguish three organizational strategies: d. A gloabl strategy treats the world as single market. e. A multinational strategy treats the world as a portfolio of national opportunities. f. A â€Å"glocal† strategy standardizes certain core elemetns and localizes oter elemets.

Human Resources Strategic Plan Essay

The Human Resources Department (HR) developed a strategic plan that tackles strategies to support the overall goals and objectives of The ABC Services Agency (ABC). In this report, the strategic HR planning process along with the mission, vision and goals of ABC will be discussed. The proposed HR strategy, which is named Diversity Program, will be explored by looking into elements including costs, benefits and outcomes. The main focus of this report is on attracting and retaining qualified direct care staff. Executive Summary ABC, founded in 1961, is a volunteer parent support group that provides support services to children and adults with disabilities. Furthermore, it provides them and their families with assistance and support from birth to senior years. ABC is committed to support people with disabilities through job placements, residential support, respite care, social activities and vocational training. ABC also tries to incorporate disabled people into the community through education and by working with many volunteers and donors. ABC’s 20-year vision is full acceptance and inclusion by the community. In addition, ABC aims to improve its services, support systems and technology. The mission is all about â€Å"achieving full community life for children and adults with disability, one person at the time.† The goals are divided into two dimensions—achieving and full community life. â€Å"Achieving† refers to ensuring individuals are given opportunities to experience their own potential. â€Å"Full community life† focuses on families, friends, colleagues and other valued relationships to create a joyful and fulfilled life. To accomplish this mission, ABC operates according to essential values that complete the heart of the organisation. Some of these values include a caring attitude, responsiveness, respectfulness, partnership, financial sustainability and diversity. ABC also has a strong belief that all people have equal rights, strengths and assets. Other beliefs include positive  difference, the same opportunities for people with disability, the difference that valuable member and motivated staff could make and the importance of family role. In the next five years, ABC will approach a leadership role in working with a broader array of community resources. It will also explore the feasibility of actively engaging volunteers. Moreover, ABC has set up goals that are based on important issues found by the previous strategic planning process. These goals are relevant to work week opportunities (e.g. employment and day supports), recreation and leisure activities, residential support (e.g. community living and participation) and family support and education. Strategic Human Resources Planning To convey ABC’s mission, HR developed the following main objectives: ABC improves its capacity to attract and retain qualified direct care staff; All staff thoroughly understands the meaning of the mission and how their job contributes to achieving it; A professional development program is implemented to strengthen and expand the supervisory and management capacity and opportunities among mid-level managers; and A professional development program is implemented to strengthen and expand the capacity of direct support staff to be community liaisons and successfully integrate the consumer they support into the community (Managance Consulting, 2015). This report focuses on the first objective, which is to attract and retain qualified direct care staff. Through a strategic planning process, HR was able to set three sub-objectives to achieve the four main objectives relative to the organisation’s mission. Firstly, HR aims to increase the organisation’s visibility in the community by updating the communication plan and utilising strategic communication to attract potential employees and volunteers and facilitate their recruitment. Secondly, HR intends to increase the number of volunteers by 50% through volunteer programs, training, leadership development and recognition. Lastly, HR plans to increase the amount of contributions that support the operating budget even  more. This will be done through fundraising, which is ultimately essential for any non-profit organisation (Managance Consulting, 2015). Strategic Human Resources Planning Process HR aims to develop a stable, highly qualified and motivated workforce that actively advocates ABC’s mission. While it remains positive about the outcomes of the plan, HR is aware of the gaps that lie between ABC’s current and future state. These gaps include significant growth that led to challenges to human resources, difficulty with supervision, lack of structure for coordination among departments and inconsistent administrative and clerical support as shown in the image below. Figure 1. Gaps between ABC’s current and future state. To address these current issues for a better future, HR is going to implement new practices. A diversity program in the forms of interest groups will be established. These interest groups include the following: Cooking Club Singing & Dancing Club Moms Club LGBTF Club Figure 2. Diversity program’s interest groups. Each of these interest groups will be discussed in the latter part of the report. PESTEL Analysis To develop a well-informed, strategic plan, the external environment that ABC operates in was analysed. With this PESTEL analysis, various external environmental factors that can impact ABC were identified and understood. Hence, HR is equipped to monitor any changes that may influence ABC’s performance. Political Analysis ABC’s day-to-day operations and future decisions can be affected by different government policies such as taxation policy and delivering community service policy. In that regard, ABC, like all other organisations, must comply with certain rules and regulations to ensure survival. While strict compliance with the law is required, government initiatives and political infrastructures also need to be taken into consideration. Government initiatives may have an effect on ABC’s performance relative to employment and unemployment rates. Some of the political ambitions of the government may provide ABC with employment opportunities, while others may lead to retrenchment or attrition. This is something that ABC needs to be fully prepared for. The same concept applies to existing and forthcoming political infrastructures in the forms of transportation systems and skyscrapers. All these political factors must be taken into account to avoid negative publicity and potential fines (Business Case Studies LLP, 2015). Economic Analysis Like other organisations, ABC aims for profit maximisation. To strive toward this particular goal, economic elements such as economic growth, banking, employment, income, general price level, interest rate, inflation and recession need to be analysed. Among all these elements, economic growth, which leads to development, is the most important one as it dictates the volume of finances that the society as a whole is earning and investing. To keep up with the demands of a diverse economy, ABC must be as proactive as possible (K, 2013). Being proactive extends toward being aware of the other economic factors. Banking, which is interconnected with money, can affect ABC in terms of borrowing capacity and purchasing power. Banking policies and facilities can  influence the borrowing capacity of both ABC and the people. Furthermore, money and its circulation can dictate the purchasing power of the customers (K, 2013). Employment density and income rate can also impact ABC’s operations. During an economic surge, the number of employment opportunities, which generate income, increases. This upturn provides people with a stronger purchasing power. On the other hand, as the economy goes downward, the purchasing power of the people also shrinks (K, 2013). General Price level is another economic factor that can influence the growth of ABC. Cost of resources, cost of production, cost of labour and cost of transportation are some of the components that dictate the general price level. An increase in the cost of any of these components will reduce the total amount of money ABC generates for products sold or services provided. Similar to general price level, the rate of interest can impact the development of ABC. Interest rates can have a direct effect on the loans that ABC takes to drive its performance improvement strategies forward (K, 2013). The Agency needs to establish strategies and contingencies to cope with the above-mentioned economic elements, along with inflation and recession. Socio-Cultural Analysis As the society evolves, there is a need for organisations like ABC to adapt to stay ahead of the game. By being aware of the societal and cultural changes, ABC will continue to operate smoothly toward success. Changing customer preferences is a socio-cultural factor that can impact ABC’s operations, especially its business decisions. In that regard, it is of utmost importance that ABC examines the lifestyles, attitudes, styles and priorities of its customers. Relative to the changes in preferences is the changes in demographics. Changes in demographics can significantly affect ABC’s operations because population rates increase, people age and gender  roles change. As the morals, values and tastes of people change, ABC needs to keep up especially in terms of advertising techniques (Richards & Media, 2015). Other socio-cultural factors that need to be considered include population health, education, social mobility, employment patterns, press attitude, public opinion and social taboos (Public Health Action Support Team, 2011). Technological Analysis The constant evolution of technology impacts organisations as it provides them with opportunities to improve. ABC must be aware of the emerging technologies to be a frontrunner in the market. Monitoring the advances in technological processes is vital to sustain any organisation. These technological innovations can be used to improve productivity, quality and efficiency. Some of the technological advances that can help improve ABC’s daily operations include online databases, shared drives, e-mails, blogs and mobile applications (Education Portal, 2015). The development of the internet can also affect ABC’s marketing strategies and activities in a positive way. By utilising the internet, ABC can reach a wider audience as youngsters nowadays are much more eager and confident to experiment with advanced technologies. Additionally, ABC can also utilise today’s technology to enhance the way it communicates with its internal and external customers. Aside from e-mails and smart phones, online meetings, web conferencing and videoconferencing can also be used for effective and efficient communication (Business Case Studies LLP, 2015). Technological advances offer a variety of advantages. However, it can also transform an organisation into a failure when it is abused or used improperly. In that regard, ABC needs to take note of its responsibilities when posting something online. Environmental Analysis ABC, like other organisations, must abide by certain environmental rules and regulations in all developmental stages. ABC’s equipment, procedures and even building expansions must conform to environmental regulations and meet regulatory requirements (Jeanty & Media, 2015). ABC also needs to be aware of its local competition. Market research can be used to create awareness relative to the day-to-day operations of the competitors. The information gathered can be used for process improvements. Other environmental factors that need to be considered include geographical location, climate and weather (Blurtit Ltd., 2015). Legal Analysis Legal changes that can impact ABC are tied up with some political changes. The key to survival is to not only anticipate but also prepare to come across future legal changes. ABC needs to ensure all the legal requirements are met. Some of the legislations that ABC needs to comply with include Equal Opportunity Act 1984, Anti-Discrimination Law, Anti-Bullying Law and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 (Business Case Studies LLP, 2015). SWOT Analysis Conducting a SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organisation is important to achieve success. In this report, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of HR’s proposed diversity program was analysed. Strengths The diversity program will be an ongoing program. This will give all participants a sense of belongingness for a long period of time. Although the program is innovative, it does not require a large amount of money for it to be implemented. Its implementation will be supported by different fundraising activities like garage sales. The program will advocate workplace diversity inside and outside the organisation. The diversity  advocacy will emphasise not only age and culture but also sexual orientation and physical ability. Furthermore, this diversity program will provide future participants with a variety of interest group options that will enable them to express themselves through food or music. Weaknesses The greatest weakness of the diversity program is the ageing employees. The program will depend on the existing staff to facilitate the interest groups efficiently. As some of the existing younger staff can perform the tasks well, the old staff can become a liability. This weakness leads to another weakness which has something to do with technology. The program will be facilitated by old people and this people are not technology savvy. This unfamiliarity with advanced technologies can impact the implementation of the program. Because ABC is a non-profit organisation, it has limited function rooms. This room insufficiency can create conflicts among the different interest groups in terms of meeting or activity schedules. Opportunities This diversity program offers various opportunities such as motivated workforce, wider audience, awareness, visibility, recognition and more volunteers. The sense of belongingness that the staff will get out of the program will motivate them to deliver a high performance. HR plans to update ABC’s official website by adding a page that talks about workplace diversity in general. The proposed diversity program as well as the interest groups will also be posted. This update will give ABC an opportunity to reach a wider audience. In addition, it will create awareness on workplace diversity. This will provide ABC with an opportunity to expand its visibility in the community, which may also lead to several recognitions. An increase in the number of volunteers is another great opportunity. Threats Since the program will be open to people with different backgrounds and even  to those whose first language is not English, a communication gap due to language barrier is a possible threat. There is also a possibility of the workforce not willing to work extra hours. This is a threat because if there is an issue with the number of facilitators, the program will be unsuccessful. In relation to that, potential volunteers may only be involved in the program for a short period of time. Lastly, ABC’s team managers who will be the facilitators of the interest groups may get overwhelmed with all the duties and responsibilities that will be given to them. Selected Human Resources Strategy Diversity Every organisation consists of individuals and each of these individuals is unique. This individuality calls for workplace diversity. Workplace diversity refers to the differences among people in an organisation. These differences can include age, gender, race, sexual orientation, family status, religion, physical ability and experience. In totality, diversity encircles acceptance, understanding and respect (Commonwealth Bank of Australia, 2015). Workplace diversity is important as it is increasingly being considered an asset to organisations. Establishing a positive, diverse work environment will lead to motivated workforce and improved services for the customers. Moreover, research states that the most engaged employees are those working in a diverse environment (Commonwealth Bank of Australia, 2015). Diversity Program This diversity program aims to attract and retain qualified direct care staff by providing them with a welcoming, inclusive and supportive workplace. The program consists of different interest groups namely the cooking club, the singing and dancing club, the moms club and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender employees and straight Friends (LGBTF) club. Basically, these interest groups will be formed to support identified groups such as people with disability, indigenous Australians, aged people, people with caring,  family or relationship responsibilities, people from other countries and cultures and people whose first language is not English (Australian Public Service Commission, 2012). This diversity program was inspired by the Australian Federal Police (AFP). The AFP is an organisation that provides its employees with equal opportunities while complying with relevant government legislations. It acknowledges that workplace diversity does not only encompass language and culture but also age, gender, sexual orientation and attitude (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015). The AFP advocates diversity in the workplace through the following ways: the Employee Assistance Program which provides external support for members and their families the Malunggang Indigenous Officers Network which supports the recruitment and career development of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people support for community events and celebrations such as Harmony Day, Disability Day and NAIDOC Week Gay and Lesbian Officer Network which provides support to its members and advises management on strategies and initiatives relevant to the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex (GLBTI) communities the Women’s Network which aims to support, encourage and network by providing leadership to women in the organisation and developing and implementing strategies to meet a wide range of interests and needs the internal network of Harassment Contact Officers and Confidantes which provides support to anyone who may need it the Workforce Diversity Plan, which aims to encourage managers and employees to value diversity the Employee Management Pla n through which managers are accountable for work/home/life balance strategies for themselves and their team the appointment of staff with key roles in building relationships within the AFP and the broader community, including GLBTI and Indigenous community officers (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015) Human Resources Plan Interest Groups The cooking club will be open for food enthusiasts. While people who love to cook will be highly encouraged to join the club, people who do not cook but want to learn how to cook will also be welcomed as cooking classes will be provided once in a while. The singing and dancing club will be open for music aficionados. People who are interested to join this club will be given an option to become a member of either a choir or a dance group or both. The moms club will be open for all the mothers who like to mingle with other mothers. This club will be beneficial for the new mothers as they will learn a lot of things relative to being both a good mother and a good wife. LGBTF Club Gender and sexual preference impact not only organisations but also laws and attitudes in different ways. The treatment of people toward this issue varies from country to country and culture to culture. The positive thing about the modernised societies all over the world is they now provide the LGBTF community with a favourable treatment (University of Michigan, 2015). Because of the acceptance, understanding and respect the society is currently demonstrating, HR intends to form the LGBTF club not only to celebrate diversity but also to create a workplace culture that is welcoming and accommodating (Australian Public Service Commission, 2012). Through this club, HR aims to achieve the following: Treat all employees and volunteers with dignity and respect Take advantage of diverse backgrounds, ideas, beliefs, circumstances and needs relative to operational methods, work systems and leadership styles Include all employees and volunteers in business decisions Utilise available resources in making reasonable, objective decisions (Australian Public Service Commission, 2012) Aside from the AFP, Thomson Reuters, a multinational organisation that provides businesses and professionals with intelligent information, also  supports the LGBTF community. As a matter of fact, Jan-Coos Geesink, the Managing Director of Thomson Reuters UK and a straight guy, is backing gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender rights in the workplace. He believes in these people and their power to create a better place to work. â€Å"But one global aspiration that Pride At Work has is for people to be able to celebrate who they are at work, regardless of their sexuality or gender-alignment, and for them to be accepted,† he added (Geesink, 2015). Other places around the globe that support the LGBTF community include Africa, the United States of America, Asia, Europe and Middle East (University of Michigan, 2015). Plan Implementation Fundraising The diversity program will be backed up by different fundraising activities such as food selling, clothes selling and garage sales. The proceeds together with the 25% increase in the amount of money acquired from donations will be used to support the interest groups. The fundraising activities will be conducted by ABC’s volunteers along with the existing staff and those people with disability. The interested individuals will be asked to bake cookies, cupcakes and the likes and produce crocheted clothes and accessories. The goods will be sold inside and outside the organisation. This initiative will be implemented once or twice a month. The volunteers will not only be able to frequent any of the interest group activities but also get a chance to be part of the organisation. Figure 3. Fund raising methodology. Website The existing official website of ABC will be updated by adding a new page that tackles workplace diversity. The update will also include information  about the proposed diversity program as well as a detailed description of each interest group. Procedures on how to join the clubs will also be posted. In addition, the page will allow visitors to post testimonials about people with disability from all over the world. The write-up can be based on their own experience or someone else’s. There will also be a section on the page for announcements or updates regarding the interest groups. The update will be done by the previous web designer for free. This project will be completed within a month. However, the website will have to be updated regularly. Figure 4. Updated website methodology. Mothers as Volunteers With the help of the updated website, HR anticipates to attract volunteers, potentially the mothers of children with disability, to help facilitate the diversity program. A series of training sessions every Saturday morning in a span of two months will be given to the volunteers. The volunteers will be encouraged to take their kids to ABC to participate in any of the activities. One of the existing team managers will conduct the training sessions. While available resources will be utilised, the cost of additional resources will come from the budget provided by the government. Figure 5. ‘Mothers as volunteers’ methodology. Outcomes The expected main outcome of this entire program is ABC’s improved capacity that leads to attracting and retaining qualified direct care staff. Other expected outcomes include motivated workforce and patients, wider audience, diversity awareness, greater visibility in the community, more volunteers, recreation and leisure activities and family support. Through this diversity program and all the social activities that come along with it, ABC’s staff will be motivated to perform their responsibilities. The interest groups will allow them to do the things they are passionate  about. It will also give them an opportunity to express who and what they are through food, music and so many other things. Not only that, even the people with disability will also be motivated to do the things they are good at despite their physical condition. Because of the sense of belongingness they will get out of the interest groups, these people will be more willing and enthusiastic to participate in the fundraising activities. One of the expected outcomes of the updated website is awareness on workplace diversity. This awareness is expected to reach a wider audience which can possibly lead to more volunteers and donations. An increased visibility in and a full acceptance by the community are also expected to happen after updating the official website and implementing the program. The other positive outcomes of this diversity program are new recreation and leisure activities and family support for both the ABC’s direct care staff and patients with disability. Barriers There are several issues that may hinder the success of HR’s strategy, which is the diversity program. These barriers include insufficient function rooms, insufficient funds and work overload. Since the program will offer four interest groups, ABC needs more rooms to facilitate every activity that will be conducted. Furthermore, additional budget to sustain all the interest groups will be necessary. Another important issue that may exist is work overload. The staff may get overwhelmed with the extra tasks that they will need to perform to implement the program. Action Plans To avoid the above-mentioned potential barriers, HR came up with several action plans. A systematic way of reserving meeting or function rooms will be implemented to address the issue about insufficient rooms. To ensure the budget is enough to sustain the interest groups, a selection of fundraising activities will be conducted. To prevent the staff from getting overwhelmed with additional tasks, more volunteers will be acquired. Bibliography Australian Public Service Commission. (2012). Australian Government Australian Public Service Commission. Retrieved 2015, from APSC Workplace Diversity Program: http://www.apsc.gov.au/about-the-apsc/the-commission/including-you Blurtit Ltd. (2015). Blurtit. Retrieved 2015, from What Are The Environmental Factors That Affect Business?: http://business-finance.blurtit.com/325745/what-are-the-environmental-factors-that-affect-business Business Case Studies LLP. (2015). Business Case Studies. Retrieved 2015, from Responding to Changes in the Market Environment: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/jessops/responding-to-changes-in-the-market-environment/political-factors.html#axzz3STTKCKMw Business Case Studies LLP. (2015). Business Case Studies. Retrieved 2015, from Responding to Changes in the Market Environment: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/jessops/responding-to-changes-in-the-market-environment/technological-factors.html#axzz3Skbz74Cw Business Case Studies LLP. (2015). Business Case S tudies. Retrieved 2015, from Managing external influences: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/first-group/managing-external-influences/environmental-and-legal-factors.html#axzz3Skbz74Cw Commonwealth Bank of Australia. (2015). Retrieved from Diversity Policy: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/PDS_PDF/CBT638-Diversity-Policy.pdf Commonwealth of Australia. (2015). Australian Federal Police. Retrieved 2015, from Diversity and Opportunity: http://www.afp.gov.au/jobs/diversity.aspx Education Portal. (2015). Education Portal. Retrieved 2015, from Technological Factors in Business: Definition, Lesson & Quiz: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/technological-factors-in-business-definition-lesson-quiz.html Geesink, J.-C. (2015, 2 13). Thomson Reuters The Knowledge Effect. Retrieved 2015, from Why I support LGBT rights at Thomson Reuters: http://blog.thomsonreuters.com/index.php/im-straight-guy-supporting-lgbt-rights-thomson-reuters/ Jeanty, J., & Media, D. (2015). Chron. Retrieved 201 5,

The Missing Pet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Missing Pet - Assignment Example Were any assumptions they made unreasonable? Fred and Dwayne were armed with more than enough experience, brains, commitment and motivation needed for business success but the numbers didn’t exactly add up. They had perfect access to the market since they knew the industry well because of their long term association with the industry. Fred being a sales person had access to customers whereas since Dwayne was a buyer he had contacts with suppliers strengthening the business and justifying their business plans. Fred's 6 years experience and Dwayne's 9 year experience with an impeccable background of bringing profits was also a bonus to the business as both of them brought with them diverse, successful experience from the same industry. Their business plans were accurate and while Dwayne shored customers, Fred worked to draw business plans. The business started after considerable long term planning and at least studying the market for seven months, therefore their business and ma rket analysis and projections can also be considered accurate. The only glitch in the plan and the initial hurdle was a lack of financing which was assured by a friend. The problem with the plan was that it was a personally guaranteed bank debt which was not guaranteed well after the initiation of business. Thus access to capital was not present and the availability was not confirmed. This could stop all activity as capital is the lifeblood of business and eventually led to problems. Thus though Fred and Dwayne were armed with all intangible resources for business, the main resource which was financing was not available and led to business problems as they had wrongfully assumed its sure availability and the opposite happened. 2) What were the ethical issues facing Dwayne and Fred in contemplating starting their business? The main ethical dilemma for Fred and Dwayne was to be loyal to their current employer despite knowing that he is going to be their competitor eventually. Working with diligence for ACME pets meant that they will be penetrating and securing the market for ACME, thus decreasing the saturation level of the market and thus reducing their potential for future success. Being completely honest to ACME will mean that they will be grounding ACME more firmly which is not viable for their future business but their ethical and moral responsibility now. This meant they had to decide between their future benefits and current ethical responsibilities. 3) Build a simple income statement for Fred and Dwayne's first year based on the numbers in the case. Based on the first years projected profit, is this business worth it? Why or Why not? What additional information do you need? Income statement Gross income $1000000 Cost of goods sold(Inventory) - $ 700000 Operating expenses+ interest - $ 288000 Startup costs - $ 87500 Net income (loss) $ - 75500 The projected income for the first year in business is the loss of $75500, but that includes the startup costs as well. The first year for any business is very crucial and businesses normally suffer a loss in the first year. It is generally after the first year that businesses break even and start generating profits so losses should not deter Fred and Dwayne from initiating the business. It should also be considered that the amount of losses is less than the startup costs which will not be incurred in the second year and thus the business can expect reasonable returns and profit in the second year. Thus this business idea is qyuite feasible. Other expenses incurred are also needed and the amount of taxes incurred will also be needed to generate a definite income statement. 4) What would you recommend Dwayne and Fred to do in their current situation? What are their options? If at all possible how might they make this work? Dwayne

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

HRM - Essay Example or recruiting able and established staff is very much there since every organization or company for that matter wants to achieve efficiency and effectiveness when it comes to getting the things done in a quick manner. [Cooper, 2004] There are instances when employees have been known to prolong things just because they do not feel to be in the mood to do so. This is a definitive statement on the part of the employees that they were recruited wrongly at the time of their hiring and the organization did indeed make a mistake in choosing such a worker over other options that were available to it, not only in the United Kingdom but also around the world. It has been seen that at times, the top line personnel present in offices delegate jobs and assignments to their sub-ordinates without even thinking that the same might not be the correct manner and mode of action as to go about carrying out the tasks and responsibilities. They think that delegation would prosper a sense of getting more work within the sub-ordinates who themselves are pretty much occupied with their already assigned tasks and jobs. This is hence not the correct manner in which things should be done and hence a need has to be chalked out to ramify the very same problem. The best possible diversity that could be made in this regard is to appoint top line managers who understand the psyche of the people working under him or her or on the same level as his so that he or she can get a grasp as to what employees usually are best suited at and what they do not prefer under certain strenuous conditions in the office place environment. As a consequence, being able to do more work is definitely considered a plus and an added advantage for an employee but this should not, under any level, exceed his or her capabilities and skill sets. He or she must be assigned the amount of work which is proportionate with his or her pay, already set working conditions and more so the skills on the basis of which he or she was

Americans Start to Curb Their Thirst for Gasoline Article

Americans Start to Curb Their Thirst for Gasoline - Article Example Some consumers can also maintain the consumption subject to believe that the prices will stabilize in a short while. Some consumers can resort to other energy sources like wind energy and geothermal energy sources. The automobile industry is engaging in technologically innovative ways of providing an alternative to gasoline consumption. The industry is producing hybrid class of vehicle, which can survive on rechargeable battery energy. The demand for gasoline has not decreased by a great margin given that there is a shift in the demand for gasoline. According to Campoy motor vehicles are considerably cheap and fuel efficient thus people could not stop buying cheap vehicle because of increase in gasoline prices (27). Most of the working class people drive to work .In this regard, they could not avoid work altogether due to gasoline price hike. The demand increase for vehicles during this period of gasoline increase culminated in a considerable increase in the demand for gasoline. This is because gasoline and motor vehicle are complementary goods, which have a positive price correlation. This is the reason for the shift in the demand for gasoline. This explains how the Americans have managed to solve the hike in prices of

Art and cinema Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art and cinema - Assignment Example They seem to be at peace with themselves and those around them. The disruption in narrative convention is apparent in the man’s time-space travel, where nothing is lasting and completely certain. The man and woman are as temporary as the dead animals they are gazing at. The parallel scene with Twelve Monkeys is the scene where the animals run free and James Cole (Bruce Willis) and Kathryn Railly (Madeleine Stowe) see the animals for the first time. See Figure 2. James and Kathryn are in mid cut away shot at eye level. The impact of them together and the animals running free is the perceptions that they are not free compared to the animals. Like the animals, as in La Jetà ©e, the only time they can assuredly have is the present. The future is unreliable in giving happiness for it may even lead to their separation or death. The narrative is disrupted by the constant reference to life’s temporariness. In the clip from Godard’s Band of Outsiders, Odile (Anna) Karina recites from â€Å"Les Poà ¨tes† by Louis Aragon. Odile is represented in a different light from the woman in La Jetà ©e because the former is darker and less hopeful of the future. In this scene, Odile looks forlorn, as she says: â€Å"All they’d ask for was a light. They settled for so little. They had so little anger in them.† The sad tone of her voice and poem suggests that she is unhappy and she longs for something better in the future that she cannot enjoy at present. She is different from the woman in La Jetà ©e who no longer questions the comings and goings of the man. She just enjoys every moment they have. Odile is similar with the woman though because she also strives to be happy. She is unsure how, but she does want to have true happiness in her life. In the essay, â€Å"On Photography,† Susan Sontag explores the meaning of photography, based on its uses and impacts on human behaviors. She argues that photography is a process of collecting

Kaduna Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kaduna Project - Assignment Example Additionally, the added space can offer a new central and financial district. Historically the North and South have divided on religious grounds; therefore, when the CBD is centralized it will be helped by the division. Conventionally, Africa has developed a focus on telecommunication and Agriculture. The Chinese have developed an interest by constructing the railways, setting up agriculture zones, setting aside the economic town development and city growth. They have also prioritized on farming and national park. Assuming the military refuses to give up the ground, a lot will be focused on the Central District by converting into the combination of commercial and residential and combining with the cultural centers that will assist in the medium growth rate scenario. On the map it has been mentioned that transport hubs, railways, and new road are present. The China government is putting up a railway that runs to Abuja. On the map, the railway connects the town center, to farming land, and runs to Abuja (Okoro, Chikuni and Govender, 2012). Therefore, the paper discusses and examines the development and planning challenges that face the area of Kaduna, Nigeria. The report will highlight issues like the current transport infrastructure, economic trend, land use, and the economic status to determine the spatial planning mechanisms that could be employed in helping the city grow and adapt over the coming years. Additionally, the paper draws on the forum discussions in addition spatial planning and independent analysis and spatial planning literature to offer a perspective vision of Kaduna in future. The paper will start by explaining the context of the region in respect to its economy, demographics and other crucial and fundamental issues. The paper will also discuss the SWOT analysis of the current state of Kaduna, and build the future scenarios found on it. The development and analysis portion will follow, looking how the spatial planning could be of help to Kaduna (Reuters Africa, 2010). Context In Nigeria, Kaduna is ranked third in population. The state occupies more than six million people; this is as per the 2006 census. The population of Kaduna in increasing at the rate of 3.3% annually, this is according to the National Planning Commission in 2006. Kaduna City is Kaduna City capital and it has 1.2 million people. The city of Kaduna is beneficially found within the state, and is found close to the geographical center and is important from closer proximity of a river that runs horizontally over the territory is described by the medium to low population density. Kaduna has few contextual limitations that are crucial for the spatial planning research carried out. For instance, one of the crucial factors facing the town is absence of public infrastructure. This entails water, waste, electricity, and drainage solution. Another critical challenge facing the city is the religious rivalry between the Christians and the Muslims populations. The N orthern part of the city is populated with Islam’s; in addition there is a huge number of Christian who also occupies the city. The religious rival

The Impact of Education On Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Impact of Education On Social Change - Essay Example We are living in a mysterious world in which we do not know much. In fact what we know so far is negligible when we consider what we do not know yet. Even then it is better to know more about the knowledge which is revealed to the world because of the efforts of eminent scholars and scientists. Education is the only way to achieve knowledge about the unknown world. Knowing more about a particular thing will help a person to fine tune his personality and attitude. For example, earlier we thought that the diseases were the curses of God. Later we identified that the diseases were caused by some germs or viruses and this knowledge helped us to find out medicines suitable to kill these germs or viruses. In other words, our attitude towards diseases has been changed a lot because of the advancements in medical science. In short, education helps us to change our established perceptions and attitudes or it helps us to polish our knowledge. â€Å"The traditional education was meant for an u nchanging static society not marked by any change. But today education aims at imparting knowledge. Education was associated with religion†(Education and Social Change, 2010). Religions and religious beliefs influence the education process very much. A child is entering this world, not as a free person, but as a person born in a particular region. In other words, religious beliefs are the first knowledge a child is getting in his/her life. All other streams of knowledge came only at the secondary place. Most of the new scientific knowledge entering this world has questioned some of the established beliefs or teachings of the religions and hence many of the religions are not much keen in encouraging education. However, it is difficult for the religions... This report stresses that modern management principles were implemented in the Bangladeshi educational system in order to manage the educational process more effectively. Educational system has been perceived as an organization at present and at each level, different educational managers are managing the educational functions. Another major reformation process undertaken in the Bangladeshi educational system was the training and development of teachers. Bangladesh has realized that only the development of teachers is important in the development of educational system in Bangladesh. Knowledge is bursting from all the corners rapidly at present and the teachers should have their knowledge updated in order to excel in their profession. The above awareness motivated Bangladesh to implement a comprehensive teacher training and development program. Bangladeshi educational curriculum was outdated earlier. This essay makes a conclusion that Islamic community at some parts of the world is witnessing tremendous advancements in the educational sector. India and Bangladesh are two best examples, in which the Islamic community have developed a lot as a result of the educational modernization and reformation happened in the Islamic institutions and educational systems in these countries. Based on these changes in the educational sector, Islamic societies in these countries were also undergone drastic reformation process. The outlooks of Muslims in these countries are entirely different from that of some other fundamental Muslim societies in the world.

Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business - Essay Example The college has three academic batches out of which two were in post graduation, one in under graduation with a sum total of 150 students supported with 30 teaching staff and non-teaching staff. The students have to take a ten minutes walk if they want to board any transport means, to eat, to shop anything for their stay in the campus hostel. The working hours starts at 9:30 am in the morning breaks for a lunch at 12:40pm with a break in between at 11:15am.The College has a dining hall to cater the food facilities daily for both day scholars and hostellers. The payment is done monthly to the caterers .food is served only at three times a day morning breakfast, launch and dinner. A person doesn't get any snacks or eateries in between the sessions, as there was no facility in the campus other than the dining hall. The dining hall became a profit making entity for the caterers, as there is no other option to choose for the students and the staff working in the campus. The caterers have a confined market avenue with an assured customer base and started responding to their requirements. The caterers are having monopoly in this food service as there is only having sole business entity in the campus.

Case study week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study week 6 - Essay Example On the other hand, IFAC focuses on upholding global business standards and corporate ethical behavior to satisfy universal stakeholders. As an important component of economic success and public or private investment, credibility, transparency, and competency are fundamental value in the accounting practice. Specifically, this is ideal for ensuring reliability, quality services, and moral behavior to promote the ethical standards of the occupation. In addition, the development of quality service through the observation of the moral standards attracts investors (Brewer,  2015). The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is mandated with proposing new regulations and invite the public to submit their opinion on how to make the accounting professional better and comply with the ethical standards. In executing their duties, regulatory bodies need to embrace transparency as a core value to enhance ethical behavior in accounting occupation. Public transparency in the regulatory practices is essential for standardizing ethical practices in accounting. There are uncountable regulatory agencies that exist in different international, national, regional, and local levels (Brewer,  2015). Due to the increase in global economies and the demand for accounting reports, ethical practices have become fundamental to the practice, fostering an intervention by agencies to manage and control the moral

English Language Learner Essay Example for Free

English Language Learner Essay The United States still represents to the rest of world a land of opportunities. Immigration occurs when people from all part of the world make their way here to start new lives, find their new jobs or build new homes. Some leave their country to flee from oppression and injustice. Some want a life to escape poverty. Now the English Language Learners in America school constantly growing percent of all U.S student-There are more than five million children who are English Language Learners (ELLs). Research show that Bilingual Education is beneficial to people who learning English to support their English Language also native language and to retain. The Bilingual Education is more effective to English Learners research that students who are educate in Bilingual classrooms do as well as or better than the groups of English sold literacy skill, cause of their thinks are just would cover their miserable life by money, that’s all they have to do. The challenge faced by English Language is an obstacle to their education success in this country. Amount of students who participating to learn English are enrolled in U.S. public schools (pre-K-12) increased by 8.5 percent, from 46.0 million in 1997-1998 to mostly 50 million in 2007-2008. In them, at least 10.7 percent or more than 5.3 million children were English Language Learners (ELLs). Over the time, the number of ELL increased by 53.2 percent, from 3.5 million to 5.3 million) in the same period, this statistic was show that there is no signal to stop and might be grow up in the future. The nation’s ELL student (about 1.5 million children) mainly lived in California, state with the largest amount of student in need of English instruction. Behind California, the three states also contained an amazing number of ELL enrollment: Arizona (166,572), New York (213,000), and Texas (701,800). All English Language Learners are definitely struggling to learn English sometime, they were fail to understand what is the teacher talking about, and may become unpleasantness when they have an idea but cannot transmit wholeness express their thoughts in English. That’s might be a biggest problem for ELLs who would like to speak English well but don’t want to learn English. Meanwhile, many students experience another kind of struggle, when they go home, they speak different language in which their parents  communicated. But a lots immigrant students of ELL have a habit of fluency in English and so want to give up their native language. They pressure to speak English at school; they are expected to speak their native language at home. In the education process, there is â€Å"English-only Laws do not help Immigrant gain fluency in English â€Å". Some individually consider that being not only of English Language Learners (ELL), but of American communities as a whole. The governments do not promote English as official language so much as they make discrimination to different kind of language. However, ELLs should not receive English-only laws, instead achieve literacy, it makes disconnect to immigrant who want to keep their tradition. Beside of that, an obstacle for all students of ELLs that they must to receive the same program such as student spokes of native English when they are during education process, many trammels as reading literature in English cause most literature is culture bound. Students who desire to speak English fluency must struggle for several year before they understand everything that is said i n their classroom, and that is discrimination for all ELLs as they received entire subjects with not their language such as mathematics, science, social study, language art,†¦ while their literacy skills do not well at all. Bilingual Education – consider that such as education in an English-language school system in which students with little fluency in English are taught in both their native language and English. Research show that Bilingual Language is the effective choice and definitely benefic for English Language Learners. It not only helping to advantage of ELLs to become solid literacy skills with both language, Bilingual Education also support to students develop ability of communication with international. The review found that almost K-12 students show who have been educated in bilingual classroom, enroll in programs that have high level of bilingualism probably do as well as or might be better than comparison group of English Learners in English-only program. English Learners want to improve their English as well as they could be, but they also receive a lot of challenges from English. As you are learning any new language, it takes a lot of dedication, practice and time. But all of that will pay off when you are able expressing yourself in an exciting way. You have to know what is your first step will going to be, then just keep going and expand all experience that you have become perfectly. Also, the English teacher should  purposefully select words and sentence structures that will help students learn rather than hinder their success in class or practice for them to listening, specific is talking to improve their pronunciation. Eventually, English Language Learners could be received a lot of challenges by English Language as they struggle to fit into a new society, learn a new language, improving the achievement of communicate ability with international. However, English has been the common world-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, English Language Learners must be insist that practice and policy by based on the best evidence we have and not on politics or predilections.

Academy Award for Best Actor and Legal Issues Essay Example for Free

Academy Award for Best Actor and Legal Issues Essay

Security models

Security models EXECUTIVE SUMMARY One of the most essential part of securing access to data, information, security, as well as computer organization is by having security policy. A computer security policy consist of a clearly defined and precise set of rules, for determining authorization as a basis for making access control decisions. A security policy captures the security requirements of an establishment or describes the steps that have to be taken to achieve the desired level of security. A security policy is typically stated in terms of subjects and objects, given the desired subject and object there must be a set of rules that are used by the system to determine whether a given subject can be given access to a specific object. A security model is a formal or an informal way of capturing such policies. Security models are an important concept in the design of a system. The implementation of the system is then based on the desired security model. In particular, security models are used to test a particular policy for completeness and consistency document a policy help conceptualize and design an implementation check whether an implementation meets its requirements We assume that some access control policy dictates whether a given user can access a particular object. We also assume that this policy is established outside any model. That is, a policy decision determines whether a specific user should have access to a specific object; the model is only a mechanism that enforces that policy. Thus, we begin studying models by considering simple ways to control access by one user. In this paper, we would briefly explain about two main security models that have already known and been used in securing a system. The two of them are BIBA and Bell La-Padula. Basically this two known system have been used widely in the world and it is essential for us as security technology students to understand and implement it in the future system. We highly hope that this paper can help the student to understand the security policy that being implemented by the BIBA and Bell La-Padula model. CATEGORY OF SECURITY MODELS Biba Model The Biba integrity model was published in 1977 at the Mitre Corporation, one year after the Bell La-Padula model (Cohen ). As stated before, the Bell La-Padula models guarantees confidentiality of data but not its integrity. As a result, Biba created a model use address to enforcing integrity in a computer system. The Biba model proposed a group of integrity policies that can be used. So, the Biba model is actually family of different integrity policies. Each of the policies uses different conditions to ensure information integrity (Castano). The Biba model, in turn, uses both discretionary and nondiscretionary policies. The Biba model uses labels to give integrity levels to the subjects and objects. The data marked with a high level of integrity will be more accurate and reliable than data labeled with a low integrity level. The integrity level use to prohibit the modification of data. Access Modes The Biba Model consists of group access modes. The access modes are similar to those used in other models, although they may use different terms to define them. The access modes that the Biba model supports are: Modify: allows a subject to write to an object. This mode is similar to the write mode in other models. Observe: allows a subject to read an object. This command is synonyms with the read command of other models. Invoke: allows a subject to communicate with another subject. Execute: allows a subject to execute an object. The command essentially allows a subject to execute a program which is the object Policies Supported by the Biba Model The Biba model can be divided into two types of policies, those that are mandatory and those that are discretionary. Mandatory Policies: Strict Integrity Policy Low-Water-Mark Policy for Subjects Low-Water-Mark Policy for Objects Low-Water-Mark Integrity Audit Policy Ring Policy Discretionary Policies: Access Control Lists Object Hierarchy Ring Mandatory Biba Policies The Strict Integrity Policy is the first part of the Biba model. The policy states:  § Simple Integrity Condition: s ∈ S can observe o∈ O if and only if i(s) ≠¤ i(o).  § Integrity Star Property: s ∈ S can modify to o∈ O if and only if i(o) ≠¤ i(s).  § Invocation Property: sâ‚  ∈ S can invoke sâ‚‚ ∈ S if and only if i(sâ‚‚ ) ≠¤ i(sâ‚  ). The first part of the policy is known as the simple integrity property. The property states that a subject may observe an object only if the integrity level of the subject is less than the integrity level of the object. The second rule of the strict integrity property is the integrity star property. This property states that a subject can write to an object only if the objects integrity level is less than or equal to the subjects level. This rule prevents a subject from writing to a more trusted object. The last rule is the invocation property, which states that a subject sâ‚  can only invoke another subject sâ‚‚, if sâ‚‚ has a lower integrity level than sâ‚ . The strict integrity policy enforces â€Å"no write-up† and â€Å"no read-down† on the data in the system, which is a subject, is only allowed to modify data at their level or a low level. The â€Å"no write up† is essential since it limits the damage that can be done by malicious objects in the system. On the other hand, the â€Å"no read down† prevents a trusted subject from being contaminated by a less trusted object. Specifically, the strict integrity property restricts the reading of lower level objects which may be too restrictive in some cases. To combat this problem, Biba devised a number of dynamic integrity polices that would allow trusted subjects access to an un-trusted objects or subjects. Biba implemented these in a number of different low-water mark policies. The low-watermark policy for subjects is the second part of the Biba model. The policy states:  § Integrity Star Property: s ∈ S can modify o∈ O if and only if i(o) ≠¤ i(s).  § If s ∈ S examines o ∈ O the i†² (s) = min(i(s),i(o)), where i†² (s) is the subjects integrity level after the read.  § Invocation Property: sâ‚ Ã¢Ë†Ë† S can invoke sâ‚‚ ∈ S if and only if i(sâ‚‚ ) ≠¤ i(sâ‚  ). The low-watermark policy for subjects is a dynamic policy because it lowers the integrity level of a subject based on the observations of objects. This policy is not without its problems. One problem with this policy is if a subject observes a lower integrity object it will drop the subjects integrity level. Then, if the subject needs to legitimately observe another object it may not be able to do so because the subjects integrity level has been lowered. Depending on the times of read requests by the subject, to observe the objects, a denial of service could develop. The low-watermark policy for objects is the third part of the Biba model. This policy is similar to the low-watermark policy for subject. The policy states:  § s ∈ S can modify any o ∈ O regardless of integrity level.  § If s ∈ S observe o ∈ O the i†² (o) = min(i(s),i(o)), where i†² (o) is the objects integrity level after it is modified. This policy allows any subject to modify any object. The objects integrity level is then lowered if the subjects integrity level is less than the objects. This policy is also dynamic because the integrity levels of the objects in the system are changed based on what subjects modify them. This policy does nothing to prevent an un-trusted subject from modifying a trusted object. The policy provides no real protection in a system, but lowers the trust placed in the objects. If a malicious program was inserted into the computer system, it could modify any object in the system. The result would be to lower the integrity level of the infected object. It is possible with this policy that, overtime; there will be no more trusted objects in the system because their integrity level has been lowered by subjects modifying them. The low-watermark integrity audit policy is the fourth mandatory policy under the Biba model. The policy states:  § s ∈ S can modify any o ∈ O , regardless of integrity levels.  § If a subject modifies a higher level object the transaction is recorded in an audit log. The low-watermark integrity audit policy simply records that an improper modification has taken place. The audit log must then be examined to determine the cause of the improper modification. The drawback to this policy is that it does nothing to prevent an improper modification of an object to occur. The Ring Policy is the last mandatory policy in the Biba Model. This policy is not dynamic like the first three policies. Integrity labels used for the ring policy are fixed, similar to those in the strict integrity policy. The Ring Policy states:  § Any subject can observe any object, regardless of integrity levels.  § Integrity Star Property: s ∈ S can modify o∈ O if and only if i(o) ≠¤ i(s).  § Invocation Property: sâ‚  ∈ S can invoke sâ‚‚ ∈ S if and only if i(sâ‚‚ ) ≠¤ i(sâ‚ ). The ring policy is not perfect; it allows improper modifications to take place. A subject can read a low level subject, and then modifies the data observed at its integrity level (Castano). Advantages Disadvantages Advantages: Ø Easy to implement So, It is no harder to implement the strict integrity policy. Ø Provides a number of different policies If the strict integrity property is too restricting, one of the dynamic policies could be used in its place. Disadvantages: Ø The model does nothing to enforce confidentiality. Ø The Biba model does not support the granting and revocation of authorization. Ø This model is selecting the right policy to implement. Bell La-Padula Model The Bell La-Padula model is a classical model used to define access control. The model is based on a military-style classification system (Bishop). With a military model, the sole goal is to prevent information from being leaked to those who are not privileged to access the information. The Bell La-Padula was developed at the Mitre Corporation, a government funded organization, in the 1970s (Cohen). The Bell La-Padula is an information flow security model because it prevents information to flow from a higher security level to a lower security level. The Bell La-Padula model is based around two main rules: the simple security property and the star property. The simple security property states that a subject can read an object if the object is classification is less than or equal to the subjects clearance level. The simple security property prevents subjects from reading more privileged data. The star property states that a subject can write to an object, if the subjects clearance level is less than or equal to the objects classification level. What the star property essentially does is it prevents the 2 lowering of the classification level of an object. The properties of the Bell La-Padula model are commonly referred to as â€Å"no read up† and â€Å"no write down†, respectively. The Bell La-Padula model is not flawless. Specifically, the model does not deal with the integrity of data. It is possible for a lower level subject to write to a higher classified object. Because of these short comings, the Biba model was created. The Biba model in turn is deeply rooted in the Bell La-Padula model. There is a slightly embellished Mealy-type automaton as our model for computer systems. That is, a system (or machine) M is composed of  § a set S of states, with an initial state s0 2 S,  § a set U of users (or subjects in security parlance),  § a set C of commands (or operations), and  § a set O of outputs, Together with the functions next and out:  § next: S Ãâ€" U Ãâ€" C → S  § out: S Ãâ€" U Ãâ€" C → O Pairs of the form (u, c) 2 U Ãâ€" C are called actions. We derive a function next*: Ø Next*: S Ãâ€" (U Ãâ€" C)* → S (The natural extension of next to sequences of actions) by the equations Ø Next*(s, Λ) = s, and Ø Next*(s, ÃŽ ± ââ€" ¦ (u, c)) = next (next*(s, ÃŽ ±), u, c), Where Λ denotes the empty string and ââ€" ¦ denotes string concatenation. Based on these two primitive types of access, four more elaborate ones can be constructed. These are known as w, r, a, and e access, respectively: w : write access permits both observation and alteration, r : read access permits observation but not alteration, a : append access permits alteration, but not observation, and e : execute access permits neither observation nor alteration. In order to model formally this internal structure of the system state we introduce a set N of object names, a set V of object values, the set A = {w, r, a, e} of access types, And also the functions contents and current-access-set: contents: S Ãâ€" N → V , current-access-set: S → P(U Ãâ€" N Ãâ€" A) (where P denotes power set) with the interpretation that contents(s, n) returns the value of object n in state s, while current-access-set(s) returns the set of all triples (u, n, x) such that subject u has access type x to object n in state s. Observe that contents captures the idea of the value state, while current-access-set embodies the protection state of the system. Thus, we introduce functions alter, and observe: alter : S → P(U Ãâ€" N), and observe : S → P(U Ãâ€" N) with the definitions: observe(s) def = {(u, n) | (u, n,w) or (u, n, r) Є current-access-set(s)}, and alter(s) def = {(u, n) | (u, n,w) or (u, n, a) Є current-access-set(s)}. That is, observe(s) returns the set of all subject-object pairs (u, n) for which subject u has observation rights to object n in state s, while alter (s) returns the set of all pairs for which subject u has alteration rights to object n in state s. Definitions of Bell La-Padula Definition 1 (Simple Security Property) A state s Є S satisfies the simple security property if Є N: Ø (u, n) Є observe(s) clearance (u) ≠¥ classification(s, n). A rule r is ss-property-preserving if next(s, u, r) satisfies the ss-property whenever s does. Definition 2 (*-property) Let T U denote the set of trusted subjects. A state s Є S satisfies the *-property if, for all un-trusted subjects u Є UT (we use to denote set difference) and objects n Є N: Ø (u, n) Є alter(s) âŠÆ' classification(s, n) âŠÆ' current-level(s, u), and Ø (u, n) Є observe(s) current-level(s, u) âŠÆ' classification(s, n). A rule r is *-property-preserving if next(s, u, r) satisfies the *-property whenever s does. Note that it follows from these definitions that: Ø (u, n, a) Є current-access-set(s)current-level(s, u), Ø (u, n, r) Є current-access-set(s) classification(s, n), And Ø (u, n,w) Є current-access-set(s) classification(s, n) = current-level(s, u). Also, as a simple consequence of the transitivity of ≠¥, if a state s satisfies the *-property and u is an un-trusted subject with alteration rights to object n1 and observation rights to object n2 (in state s), then Ø classification(s, n1) ≠¥ classification(s, n2). The original formulation of the *- property was somewhat different than that given above in that it did not employ the notion of a subjects current-level. The formulation of the *-property given in [1, Volume II] is, u Є TU, and m, n Є N: Ø (u,m) Є observe(s) ^ (u, n) Є alter(s) âŠÆ' classification(s, n) âŠÆ' classification(s,m). Definition 3 (Security) A state is secure if it satisfies both the simple security property and the *-property. A rule r is security-preserving if next(s, u, r) is secure whenever s is. We say that a state s is reachable if Ø s = next*(s0, ÃŽ ±) for some action sequence ÃŽ ± Є (U Ãâ€" C)*. A system satisfies the simple security property if every reachable state satisfies the simple security property. A system satisfies the *-property if every reachable state satisfies the *-property. A system is secure if every reachable state is secure. Applications of Bell La-Padula Bell and La Padula demonstrated the application of their security model by using the results of the previous section to establish the security of a representative class of 11 rules. These rules were chosen to model those found in the Multics system. 1. Get-Read (rule 1 of [2]) A subject u may call the rule get-read(n) in order to acquire read access to the object n. The rule checks that the following conditions are satisfied. clearance (u) ≠¥ classification(s, n) If u is not a trusted subject (i.e., u Є UT), then o current-level(s, u) ≠¥ classification(s, n) If both these conditions are satisfied, the rule modifies the protection state by setting  § current-access-set(s0) = current-access-set(s) {(u, n, r)}, where s0 denotes the new system state following execution of the rule. Otherwise, the system state is not modified. The security of get-read follows directly from Corollary 9. 2. Get-Append, Get-Execute, Get-Write (rules 2 to 4 of [2]) These are analogous to get-read. 3. Release-Read (rule 5 of [2]) A subject u may call the rule release-read(n) in order to release its read access right to the object n. No checks are made by the rule, which simply modifies the protection state by setting  § current-access-set(s0) = current-access-set(s){(u, n, r)}, where s0 denotes the new system state following execution of the rule. The security of release read follows directly from Theorem 10. 4. Release-Execute, Release-Append, Release-Write (rule 5 of [2]) These are analogous to release-read. 5. Change-Subject-Current-Security-Level (rule 10 of [2]) A subject u may call Change-Subject-Current-Security-Level(l) in order to request that its current-level be changed to l. The rule checks that the following conditions are satisfied. clearance(u) ≠¥ l (i.e., a subjects current-level may not exceed its clearance). If u is an un-trusted subject (i.e., u Є UT) then assigning l as the current level of u must not cause the resulting state to violate the *-property—i.e.,n Є N:  § (u, n) Є alter(s) âŠÆ' classification(s, n) ≠¥ l, and  § (u, n) Є observe(s) âŠÆ' l ≠¥ classification(s, n). If both these conditions are satisfied, the rule modifies the system state by settingcurrent-level (s0, u) = l, where s0 denotes the new system state following execution of the rule. Otherwise, the system state is not modified. 6. Change-Object-Security-Level (rule 11 of [2]) A subject u may call Change-Object-Security-Level(n, l) in order to request that the classification of object n be changed to l. The rule checks that the following conditions are satisfied. current-level(s, u) ≠¥ classification(s, n) (i.e., no subject may change the classification of an object which is currently classified above its own level). If u is an un-trusted subject (i.e., u Є UT), then current-level(s, u) ≠¥ l and l ≠¥ classification(s, n), o (i.e., untrusted subjects may not â€Å"downgrade† the classification of an object). v Є U, (v, n) 2 observe(s) âŠÆ' current-level(s, v) ≠¥ l (i.e., if any subject has observation rights to the object n, then the current level of that subject must dominate the new classification of n). Assigning l as the classification of n must not cause the resulting state to violate the *-property. If these conditions are satisfied, the rule modifies the system state by setting classification (s0, n) = l, where s0 denotes the new system state following execution of the rule. Otherwise, the system state is not modified. There are several limitations of BLP: Restricted to confidentiality No policies for changing access rights; a general and complete downgrade is secure; BLP is intended for systems with static security levels. BLP contains covert channels: a low subject can detect the existence of high objects when it is denied access. Sometimes, it is not sufficient to hide only the contents of objects. Also their existence may have to be hidden.

Philosophy and Technology Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Philosophy and Technology ABSTRACT: This paper deals the place of technology in contemporary culture, and the relationship between science and morality. A definition of technique as a social process has to emphasize the fact that technique means developing and enabling different fabricated material systems; it is also the action of environment transformation according to human necessities. The area of culture is not limited to classical values, conceived with traditional meanings, arts and human sciences, but also covers the values of the natural and technical sciences as well as the whole set of values implied by technique and technology. Far from being a marginal component of culture, technology interacts internally with philosophical fields such as epistemology, ontology, value theory, and ethics. It also partly overlaps partly with other fields. I suggest that science should not be considered as free of value and neutral from a moral viewpoint both because the scientist makes valuable judgments during sci entific activity and because the applications of science have moral value and raise moral problems. There is thus a need for moral control that would deter the scientists from evildoing. The need for wisdom and a clear scientific attitude in our contemporary technical civilization is emphasized. Technology and culture. Some of the philosophical problems the nowadays technique and technology are confronted with are related to the definition of concepts, the cultural value contained in them, and place they have in the European culture. In what it concerns the concepts of technique and technology, a consensus does not exist. The Romanian Encyclopedic Dictionary (1966) gives the following definitions, according to a wide-... ..., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989 3. Edem GOBLOT, Traità © de logique, A. Colin, Paris, 1941 4. P.P. NEGULESCU, Istoria filosofiei contemporane (The History of Contemporary Philosophy), Monitorul Oficial si Imprimeriile Statului, Bucuresti, 1941 5. Constantin NOICA, Incercare asupra filosofiei traditionale (Essay on Traditional Philosophy), Bucuresti, 1950 6. Liana POP, Nevoia de intelepciune in civilizatia stiintifico-tehnica contemporana (The Need of Wisdom in the Contemporary Scientific and Technical Civilization), Scientific Journal of the Polytechnic Institute of Cluj-Napoca, 32, 1989 7. Liana POP, The Place of Technology in the Contemporary Culture, Proceedings of International Symposium Constructions 2000, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1993 8. Tudor VIANU, Studii de filosofia culturii (Studies of Philosophy of Culture), Editura Eminescu, Bucuresti, 1983

Comparing T S Eliots The Wasteland and William Butler Yeats The Secon

Comparing T. S. Eliot's The Wasteland and William Butler Yeats' The Second Coming       World War One fundamentally changed Europeans perspective on man. Before the war they believed that man was innately good, after it people were disenchanted with this vision of man. Both Thomas Sterns Eliot and William Butler Yeats keenly felt this disenchantment, and evinced it in their poetry. In addition to the war, Eliot and Yeats also saw the continuing turmoil in Europe, such as the Russian Revolution and the Irish Rebellions, as confirmation of their fear of man's nature and expanded their disillusionment in "The Waste Land" and "The Second Coming." The poets shared more than a disbelief in the goodness of man's nature, they also both had religious experiences that colored their thoughts. Eliot was an atheist at the start of his life, and converted to Christianity, coming to believe in it fervently. Eliot also toyed with Buddhism during one stage of his writing "The Wasteland" (Southam 132). Yeats, on the other hand, grew up a practicing Christian and by the time he wrote "The Second Coming" was forming his own personal philosophy founded on an accumulation of everything "[he] had read, thought, experienced, and written over many years" (Harrison. 1). His philosophy, therefore, included Christianity as a factor in his life, but not nearly as significant a factor as in Eliot's life. Because of the importance of religion in both of their lives, Yeats and Eliot used many mythological and religious allusions in their poems. While both poets shared a disenchantment in the nature of man, their varying religions made them see different outcomes on mankind's horizon. Eliot saw the future as redeemable, while Yeats believed it could onl... ..."       Works Cited    Harrison, John. "What rough beast? Yeats, Nietzsche and historical rhetoric in 'The Second Coming.' Electric Library    Leavis, F.R. "The Waste Land." T.S. Eliot: a Collection of Critical Essays.ed.    HughKenner. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962. 104-109 "Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats"    http://www.en.utexas.edu/~benjamin/316kfall/316unit4/studentprojects/ kiplingyeats/intro.html    Southam, B.C. A guide to the Selected Poems of T. S. Eliot. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1994.    UVA class notes, Dept of English, lit. intro into English from 1890 1989. http://www.faraday.clas.virginia.edu./~sg5p/Class_notes_2.html    Vickery, John B. The Literary Impact of The Golden Bough. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.      

Steam Distillation :: essays research papers

Steam Distillation Purpose: To use steam distillation to purify heat sensitive, natural products, like essential oils. Procedure Please refer to: Williamson, Macroscale &Microscale Organic Experiments 4th Ed., pgs.98-109 Results Table 1.1: Steam distillation Drop # (every third drop)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature ( ºC)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Addition of 0.5 mL water 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water added 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observations: The residue was cloudy during distillation. This indicated that it was wet. The water was added when the solution appeared to be getting low in volume. Table 1.2: Recovery of organic material Object being weighed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weight in grams Weight of empty, clean test tube  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.446 g Weight of clean test tube with spearmint oil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.635 g Weight of spearmint oil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.189 g Table 1.3: IR Spectroscopy Frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corresponding Functional Group 3083.81  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C-H 2923.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C-H 1674.33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C=O Conclusion In this experiment, the process of steam distillation was used to purify a natural product, (the essential oil of spearmint). This phenomenon works because when two immiscible liquids are distilled, the boiling point of the mixture is below the boiling point of the both pure compounds. Since water has a significantly lower boiling point than spearmint, a much greater proportion of water molecules was vaporizing at any time during the distillation. Even though the components of spearmint oil have low vapor pressure, they are volatile enough to vaporize to some extent and a small amount will lifted off with the water molecules. This boiling will occur when the independent internal vapor pressures are equal to 760 torr, which is the external vapor pressure. It is noted that steam distillation, unlike regular distillation, it does not follow Raoult’s Law. After steam distillation was completed, the essential oil was recovered and a thin layer chromatography was conducted. When this TLC was conducted, there was one spot of pure essential oil and one of the distilled and recovered essential oil. The results indicated that the distilled, recovered oil was pure because it came out as a single spot, level with that of the pure oil. The infrared spectroscopy was performed next. IR spectroscopy is used to identify the functional by stretching and bonding frequencies of bonds. The peaks correspond to the functional groups.

Philosophy of Curriculum Essay

My philosophy of curriculum as it pertains to this course and through my new eyes at the end of the course, points to the constructivist-style curriculum as the most logical, meaningful, purposeful, intellectual, and authentic exemplars to model after. Focusing on a more educational description of constructivism, the meaning is intimately connected with experience. I believe students come into a classroom with their own experiences and a cognitive structure based on those experiences. These preconceived structures are valid, invalid or incomplete. The learner will reformulate his/her existing structures only if new information or experiences are connected to knowledge already in memory. Inferences, elaborations and relationships between old perceptions and new ideas must be personally drawn by the student in order for the new idea to become an integrated, useful part of his/her memory. Memorized facts or information that has not been connected with the learner’s prior experien ces will be quickly forgotten. In short, the learner must actively construct new information onto his/her existing mental framework for meaningful learning to occur. So what is the support structure for a constructivist learning setting and how do they differ from a classroom based on the traditional or didactic model? The current American classroom, whether grade school or college level, tends to resemble a one-person show with a captive but often comatose audience. Classes are usually driven by â€Å"teacher-talk† and depend heavily on textbooks for the composition of the course. There is the idea that there is a fixed world of knowledge that the student must come to know. Information is divided into parts and built into a whole concept. Teachers serve as pipelines and seek to transfer their thoughts and meanings to the passive student. There is little room for student-initiated questions, independent thought or interaction between students. The end result is that the instruction set forth for the learner is solely memorization of the facts and no conceptual depth and understanding (Erickson 30). In a constructivist setting, knowledge is not objective; mathematics and science are viewed as systems with models that describe how the world might be rather than how it is. This is an example of the differences between the world of the declarative and procedural knowledge and thinking to understanding the critical empirical and explanatory principles within the curriculum. The role of the teacher is to organize information around conceptual clusters as seen in a concept map and in Gowin’s Vee, in order to help pose questions and unusual situations to engage the student’s interest. Teachers assist the students in developing new insights and connecting them with their previous learning. Ideas are presented holistically as broad concepts and then broken down into parts. The activities are student centered and students are encouraged to ask their own questions, carry out their own experiments, make their own analogies and come to their own conclusions and then eventually applying the new found knowledge and information to brand new situations. Becoming a constructivist teacher is a difficult change since most teachers are prepared for teaching in the traditional manner. It has taken me these past two school years to â€Å"shift my paradigm† and adopt a new one but it does work if you are dedicated to putting in the time and effort to building your own curriculum built around the standards and back by the foundations that have been laid by Piaget, Dewey, Novak, Gowin, Erickson and the many others. These psychologists and experts in the mind and education have contributed to the following characteristics of what I believe is a representation of a constructivist teacher: 1. One of many resources that the student may learn from, not the primary source of information. 2. Engage students in experiences that challenge previous conceptions of their existing knowledge. 3. Allow student responses to drive lessons and seek elaboration of students’ initial responses. Allow student some thinking time after posing questions. 4. Encourage questioning by asking thoughtful, open-ended questions. Encourage thoughtful discussion among students. 5. Use cognitive terminology such as â€Å"classify,† â€Å"analyze†, and â€Å"create† when framing tasks. 6. Encourage and accept student autonomy and initiative. Be willing to let go of classroom control. 7. Use raw data and primary sources, along with manipulative and interactive physical materials. 8. Don’t  separate knowing from the process of finding out. 9. Insist on clear expression from students. When students can communicate their understanding, then they have truly learned. In summary, constructivist teaching offers a bold departure from traditional didactic classroom strategies. The goal is for the learner to play an active role in absorbing knowledge onto his/her existing mental framework. The ability of students to apply their school-learned knowledge to the real world much more valued over memorizing bits and pieces of knowledge that may seem unrelated to them. Curriculum designed with the constructivist approach requires the teacher to relinquish his/her role as sole information-dispenser and instead to continually analyze his/her curriculum planning and instructional methodologies. Clearly, the constructivist approach opens new avenues for learning as well as challenges for the teacher trying to implement it but isn’t it worth it? I believe it is worth every ounce.

Ap English Literature and Composition

AP position Literature and establishment single touch. snappy in fragments no longer General var. breeding 1. 0 Credits (. 5 per semester) Prerequisites mystifyingen inc occupancy is recommended Course Overview This separate depart prep ar students for AP face Literature and idea Exam, as well as the AP side of meat Language and organic law Exam. When registering for exams in the Spring, students testament film which exam to riposte. This origin is plenty according to the requirements listed in the AP English Course Description. The recital in the trail provide c over a wide categorisation of genres.You allow be introduced to everything from pretendal literary theory to creative write. Deep filming, the word signifier that poses as many questions as it answers, pull up s consequences be expected. We pass on read for a variety of reasons, sometimes to get a thematic element and sometimes to b arly enjoy the sounds of words. We pass on not alone identify literary elements, unless in homogeneous manner why they ar addoutd and hash start their effectiveness. We pull up stakes read across curriculums and contact English literature and its themes to those in philosophy, science, and psychology. This course in any case intends to hone your skills as writers.We lead charter how to appeal to a plastered audience and how vocabulary and organise commute depending on the type of committal to writing. We allow physical exertion deep revision and regularly favour that writing is not simply pose thoughts d incur on a page, muchover a craft that takes a liveness fate to perfect. We provide discover our own respective(prenominal) styles as writers and affair these to our advantage. Mechanics, citations, and technical writing volition all be monitored closely. supra all though, we allow analyse how our own words can excite, turn, and create understanding. Finally, the course impart hopefully make you a critical thinker.We live in the development age and no skill provide be more in pack than the ability to interpret information. The critical sentiment skills you develop in this class go out go on to help you on the AP Exams, the SAT, and in al just about every tantrum of your life. This course is divided around the variant thematic ideas of encounter in literature, non-fiction, and life in general. While the conventional elements of difference seem simple, we departing explore the motives do-nothing them. Finally, we allow for attempt to figure out how the characters choose to live (or die) with departure and perplex resolution. finished non-fiction, we result explore how infringe has been created and persistent done ornateness and crinkle. And how a well-scripted and brilliant argument can create a path of possibility even up by means of the most mired of disputes. Elements of the course Writing. Drafts allow be submitted to me and returned with com ments. any papers leave behind have a premier and a last- enthrone draft. Students may be asked to aline their drafts twice before submitting a nett draft. All compositions ordain be evaluate on the AP rubric. One Friday a calendar month, students allow access their writing from the past month from their portfolio in class.During this time, we forget have a writers store and spread over detail revision strategies. We result cogitate on revising sentence organise, administration, rhetorical social organizations, transitions, detail, protrudery, conventions, and grammar. While timed writings argon a part of this class, the Friday writers workshops leave illustrate the importance of constant and allotful revision. Students lead also singularity up for a meeting with me after-school(prenominal) every 2 months. At the first meeting, students will discuss with me their strengths and weaknesses. Together, we will appreciate their improvement passim the year. back chatly Wise dictionary book will be due hebdomadly.Periodic quizzes will test students fellowship. Wordly Wise is an polished preparation for the SAT. The class will also have a Word Wall. The Word Wall will function to remind students of past vocabulary learned and advance the exercise of new vocabulary in writing. One interactive class spue will happen for every unit. The externalise will practically involve synthesizing knowledge from the unit and applying it to something outside English class art, character, current events, family life, etc. Reading daybooks Students will keep dialectical reading journals throughout the course. These journals will help facilitate deep and thorough reading. he reading journal is also a great place to approach pattern writing and collecting your thoughts cohesively. We will continuously use the reading journal in class discussion and postdate back to it to get ideas for analyses. The reading journal will be counted as a grade unde rneath the writing category. evaluate Writing (Journal included) 50% Exams 20% style 10% Assignments and Projects 20% Course course of study building block 1 Introduction 4 weeksReadings Class Handouts Allegory of the Cave by Plato Good Readers, Good sources by Vladimir Nabokov Excerpts from wherefore I Write by Joan Didion conclusion School by Maya Angelou Excerpt from pass around Tracks on a Road by Zora Neale Hurston My Mother Never Worked by middling Smith-Yackel Everythings an furrow by Andrea Lunsford and put-on J. Ruszkiewicz Current articles from the natural York Times news Topics The first few days in class will be played out witnessing at class policies, organizing notebooks, and receiving implegenial information on the strategies we will use throughout the year. SOAPSTone, Dialectical Journal explanation, AP price list, DIDLS, etc. ) Our first reading will be Platos Allegory of the Cave. Plato tells us that ideas, not necessarily our fixs, a rgon man. This argument will encourage us to look deeper into the ideas behind what we are reading and writing. Essays from Didion and Nabokov will give us specific tips on how to bewilder our journey as consummate readers and writers. Then, we will switch gears to a on the spur of the moment segment on narrative writing where will read 3 excellent examples of narrative in time for us to write our own narrative render.While examine narrative writing, we will think on specific examples of excellence in sentence structure, form, organization, and conventions. Finally, we will spend deuce weeks poring over the text Everythings an Argument, which we will reside to refer to throughout the year. We will learn how to identify successful rhetorical structures and use them in our own writing. During this examination of rhetorical abridgment, we will use current New York Times editorials. Our writers workshop will for this unit will snap on varying our sentence structure for emphas is and effect. Assessments part Autobiography firearm Narrative render over family quantify Writing 2010 English Language and Composition Released Free response Questions Argument abridgment NY Times articles sources shop class Sentence structure building block 2 psyche vs. character 5 weeks Reading Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe The Santa Ana by Joan Didion song of William E. Stafford Excerpts from Maslows A speculation of valet Motivation Desert forbearance by Edward Abbey Excerpts from Walden by Henry David Thoreau The American Forests by crapper Muir screening Clips from art object vs. Wild watchword topics mortal vs. record is possibly the oldest conflict in the world.Maslow theorizes that we cannot heighten up the hierarchy of needs until our most basic needs are met. Robinson Crusoe is essentially the story of a man having to begin at the bottom of the hierarchy and work his way up. Person vs. Nature is often illustrated with diction and imagery. In Staffords rime and Didions essay, we are invited into their someoneal experience of nature through word and image choices. Finally, we see how the psyche vs. nature conflict changes as technology begins to take care of our rudimentary needs. In Desert Soltaire, nature maintains little of its aggressor status.Instead, man takes over as the force bent on destruction. Finally, we will end our discussion of person vs. nature by taking a field trip to McKinney Falls asseverate Park. at that place, we will take paintings to provide opthalmic evidence of multiple psyches of conflict. Our Writers shop will highlight organization. We will review our own strengths and weaknesses in organization from our past units writing. Assessments Composition Using Maslows Theory of Human Motivation to explain Robinson Crusoe Composition literary analysis of imagery in Stafford poem Composition Compare/Contrast- Abbey and Thoreau time Writing 2002 AP English Language and Composition Free-Resp onse Questions Form B Argument analysis John Muirs letter to Congress Project landing field trip to McKinney Falls State Park. acquire visual evidence using cameras that illustrates the conflict of person vs. nature. Writers Workshop Organization whole 3 Person vs. Person 6 weeks A River Runs Through It by Norman McClean dialect to the troops at Tillbury by Queen Elizabeth A Vindication of the Rights of Women by bloody shame Wollstonecraft The narration of an Hour by Kate Chopin Excerpts from A elbow room of Ones Own by Virginia Woolf I Want a wife by Judy Brady All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy Selected song of e. e. cummings Viewings raillery topics A River Runs Through It is the perfect bridge in the midst of discussion of the conflicts in nature to the conflicts surrounded by people. We will explore familial conflicts and traditional family archetypes. After we finish the novella, we will take a look at another(prenominal) reoccurring person vs. person c onflict sexual urge roles. Queen Elizabeth, in her Speech to the forces at Tillsbury used certain rhetoric to explain herself that was needed at the time. We will focus on how that language changed as women gained more equality.Finally, we will focus on style and the creative use of structure across two genres novel and poetry. All the Pretty Horses will take us through several(prenominal) conflicts as John Grady Cole becomes an adult. Most striking though is McCarthys mastery of prose and creativity in structure. We will thus make a comparison to e. e. cummings poetry, which also manages to cave in out what we expect in format, in order to open our eyes to the exuberant images the poet provides. Our writers workshop will focus on how to add specific and concise, yet eye-opening detail to our writing.We will use our previous work in Units 1 and 2 to revision and add detail. Assessment Composition Jungs Archetypes in Literature Composition The ever-changing language of the wo mens movement Composition Analysis in style of each Cormac McCarthys All the Pretty Horses or e. e. cummings Timed Writing 2004 AP English Literature and Composition Free-Response Questions (Form B) Argument Analysis A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft Project Use Feminist literary Criticism to analyze a childrens picture book. Writers Workshop Detail Unit 4 Person vs. Himself 6 weeks Readings King Lear by Shakespeare Sylvia Plath poetry The Jilting of Granny Weatherall by Katherine Anne doorman plenty by Ralph Waldo Emerson Heart of shabbiness by Joseph Conrad An Image of Africa racism in Conrads Heart of lousiness by Chinua Achebe stab an Elephant by George Orwell Viewings Excerpts from Apocalypse Now Discussion Topics King Lear will begin with family conflicts but by the end of the play, we will see a new type of conflict arise.Lear will have to grapple with his impuissance sense of reality and atone for what he now sees as his past sins. Katherine Anne Porters short story will also show the failure to grasp reality. Through the stream of consciousness point of view, the reader will feel like they are losing their grip on reality as well. Emersons poem will help us to understand if Lears problems were fate, or if fate merely took the gloam for Lears bad judgment. Heart of Darkness is tied very closely to two types of conflict person vs. himself and person vs. golf club. We will see how Kurtz descent into insanity (yesThere will be many descents into madness in this unit ) was caused by the evils of colonialism. Achebe argues in his essay An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness that art object Conrad was arguing against imperialism, he was doing so from a racist standpoint. We will analyze Achebes argument. Orwell will close out the unit by illustrating his own personal conflict with duty and attempt to avoid expression a fool in imperialistic times. The Writers Workshop will focus on conventions, specifically go on punctuation and its uses.Assessments Composition Characterization. Choose a character from King Lear, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, or Heart of Darkness. Analyze the literary techniques that are used to illustrate insanity and the blast of madness. Composition From the 2004 Exam- Contemporary life is attach by lean. Choose a disputable local, national, or global issue with which you are familiar. Then, using appropriate evidence, write an essay that carefully considers the opposing positions on this controversy and proposes a solution or compromise. Timed Writing 2003 AP English Literature and Composition Free-Response Questions Argument Analysis An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Project Using the class repeat of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of noetic Disorders 1994, create a power-point presentation that diagnoses each Lear or Kurtz with a particular mental illness. Writers Workshop Conventions Unit 5 Person vs. So ciety 6 weeks Readings The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien Political Cartoons from the Vietnam duration Mutual Deterrence Speech by Sec. f Defense Robert McNamara War Poetry Selections Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen The Death of the puffiness Turret Gunner by Randall Jarrell An Irish Airman Foresees His Death by William pantryman Yeats My Father Leaves for Vietnam by Lenard D. Moore Palestine by Lorna Dee Cervantes The Daisy Cutter by Louise Rill The bottom and the Fury by William Faulkner Living under(a) Circes Spell By Matthew Soyster Viewing The War in Vietnam- A recital in Photographs from The National archive Excerpts from inform America at War The Reporters from pbs. org Excerpts from The fogginess of WarDiscussion Topics- We will begin studying person vs. society by examining how the life of a soldier is deemed honorable and sometimes undeniable by society, but often looks unremarkable and horrific on an individual level. The Things They Carried wi ll take us to one of the more controversial wars, Vietnam. By looking through collections of war photography from the National Archives and watching evening news broadcasts, we will determine what role the media had on the societys opinion of the war. By reading a collection of war poetry, we will look at the emotional terms that war exacts on individuals.Then, we will flip-flop gears and begin reading The Sound and the Fury, a novel where each character struggles against social norms that no longer fit the familys reality. Finally, we will read Soysters essay on disability and the struggles associated with it. The Writers Workshop for this unit will focus on broad, thematic revision by evaluating the effectiveness of our thesis statements in our portfolio. Assessments Composition- query Topic Choose one form of media. (Some examples could be television, picture shows, internet, telephones, etc.You may not choose photography. ) Research and examine the chosen media forms impac t on unexampled warfare. It should include both(prenominal) positive and negatively charged impacts. Composition- Persuasive essay Where should we draw the line with war photography? Composition- Literary analysis of symbolism in The Sound and the Fury. Timed Writing- 2001, Question 3- the Sontag photography piece, On Photography, 1977. Argument Analysis- Mutual Deterrence Speech by Sec. of Defense Robert McNamara Project- We will create a family tree that spans back 3-4 generations.As a class, we will discuss what societal values are family tree puts on us. We will take a particular look at any values that are fit(p) there because of our blood and not because of our reality. Writers Workshop- Thesis Revision Unit 6 Resolutions 5 weeks Only connect That was the whole of her sermon. Only connect the prose and the rut, and both will be exalted, and human drive in will be seen at its height. Live in fragments no longer. Only connect, and the masher and the monk, robbed of the isolation that is life to either, will die. Howards End Readings Howards End cathedral by Raymond Carver On disdain by Joan Didion Poetry of Kahil Gibran Faulkners Nobel credence Speech Woody Allens My Speech to the Graduates Viewings Howards End 1992 version Discussion Topics We will end the year with a Victorian class study in the novel Howards End. With a legions of characters, we will see how some are able to overcome the conflicts and others do not. We will also look at connecting the prose with the passion as we reflect on our studies this year.Before exams, we will take a full week to do practice exams and prepare the final touches on our AP experience. Finally, we will read several writers who focus on resolution quite an than conflict. Through emotional experience, logical thinking, and even humor, we will see how characters and people in real life live and turn with conflict. Assessments Composition Analyze the role the hearth plays in the novel Howard s End. Composition Write a mock commencement speech that includes at least 4 quotes from readings throughout the year. Composition A picture is worth a thousand words. In our age of information, is a picture/movie/symbol worth more than the written word? Use the Rogerian style to persuade your audience. Timed Writings Students will choose 3 timed writings to practice from released exams. Project Collage. As a class, we will create a pictorial montage that represents conflict in the literature we have read and in life. We will then put quotes and phrases from the literature and essays we have read that illustrate overcoming conflict. The last part of the collage will show representations of different resolutions in life.