Organisations and behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organisations and behaviour - Case Study Example , democracy, and laissez-faire as proposed by behavioral theorists1, however, the different leadership styles are currently considered to be transformational, transactional, or charismatic. Autocratic or authoritarian leadership style bestows all the decision-making powers solely on the leader, and motivation is achieved through rewards or punishments. However, for both at Egg and Taylor Woodrows workforce, this type of leadership may impact negatively on motivation of employees. Considering that the two companies both put a lot of emphasis on employee involvement, autocratic style leadership may not foster effectual communication, a tool highly and considerably associated with effective implementation of change. Democratic or participative leadership allows employees to get actively involved in decision-making processes by developing plans aimed at helping employees evaluate their performance. This form of leadership will particularly impact positively in regard to workforce motivation at Taylor Woodrow given that they already have a working Performance and Development Review in place. Moreover, participative leadership permits establishment of goals by the workforce, promotes growth on the job and promotions, and recognizes achievement. Therefore, during change implementation, participative or democratic leadership facilitates employee motivation, which in effect leads to improved organization performance and profitability. At Egg, democratic or participative leadership proves to be the most effective leadership style since the company puts a lot of emphasis on employee-management relationship, allowing employees to get involved in planning, performing, and achieving for themselves and the company in overall. Addition, the company’s strategic approach toward employee is anchored on a ‘know yourself, know your people’ concept that puts not only the targets of the company itself but also those of the workforce at the core of its operations. With the

DVD Technology Essay Example for Free

DVD Technology Essay It is truly a fact that we are living in this modern world which all technologies are advanced and improved. One of these technologies is in the DVD technology. Before, we normally used CDs as main novelty to the PC’s world but now, DVD is more used and preferred by multitudes of masses due to its admirable features which the CD doesn’t have. DVD was formerly represented as Digital Video Disc but then changed into Digital Versatile Disc and is considered as the next generation of the optical disc storage technology which is predicted and awaited to quickly substitute the CD-ROM disc along with audio compact disc around the following several years. DVD contains 4. 7 information’s gigabytes on one of its both sides or sufficient for a 133-minute movie. Having two layers on every of its both sides, it will keep up to 17 gigabytes of audio, video and other data. DVD-Video is the typical term for the DVD format designed for full-length motion pictures and which will drive with our television set. The DVD-ROM keeps computer information and is read through a DVD-ROM drive which is connected to a computer, the DVD-RAM is the writeable version while the DVD-Audio is a player which is designed to substitute our compact disc player (see Bellis, Mary. â€Å"DVD†. http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/bldvd. htm). A DVD with correctly structured and formatted video substance is a DVD-Video. The DVDs with correct structured and formatted audio are termed as DVD-Audio discs. And everything as well is named as a DVD-Data disc as well as the other types of DVD discs which have video (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 27, 2006). The purposes of this study are to: (1) know the history of DVD technology; and (2) be acquainted with its useful features and its functions; and how it is being distinct from CD. History The invention of DVD was all started in early of 1990s which two high-density optical storage standards were being technology advanced: the first one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc which was supported by Sony and Philips; and the second one was the Super Density disc which was approved and accepted by Time-Warner, Hitachi, Pioneer, JVC, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba, Thomson, and Matsushita Electric. The IBM president named Lou Gertsner has exerted an effort to join and bring together the two companies to back up solitary standard, getting ahead a repeat of the expensive and inflated format war amongst Betamax and VHS in 1980s (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 27, 2006). In 1994 of May, Philips and Sony promulgated that they would be willingly and jointly develop a newfangled high-density medium popularly known as Digital Video Disc or DVD. This new technology was considered as the successor to compact discs or CD-ROM for computers and substitute laserdiscs and VHS tapes in the amusement industry. Just like a CD, DVD discs have similar diameter-about 120mm and thickness is about 1. 2 mm- just as Compact disc has but DVD is more advance and useful due to its capability to use both discs’ sides for data storage. The large video games which need and require a number of CDs would merely necessitate only one DVD disc. Later on, newfangled technology’s development instantaneously induced dilemmas of a political nature. The Warner Home Entertainment and Toshiba declared their own project to work out the same but yet precisely distinct from DVD technology at the same time. Associations like the Hollywood Digital Video Disc Advisory Group had a sensible and rational interest in this technology’s development. Movie suppliers started to stir up disagreements and controversies which concern the essential of copy protections in the DVD requirement and description. But then, Sony was the first to display its DVD technology. In 1995, John Eargle explained and illustrated the presentation which was conducted at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. In his writings entitled â€Å"The Great DVD debate† stated that: â€Å"its color and sharpness was more than a match for the Laserdisc â€Å". But Eargle’s attention was on the technological requirements which had been formally and legitimately promulgated in December of the same year. The DVD’s intensification and enlargement data density was credited to a laser of a color advanced in the light spectrum and a technology that were being technologically advanced with 3M which permit the laser to be focus again to one second â€Å"layer† in the disc. It has a double-layer disc which amplifies the volume and dimensions to 7. 4 gigabytes. Throughout the spring of 1995, the disagreement of both developers had been stimulated through Toshiba’s personal growth and advancement of a two-layer disc named as SD or Super density (Chapin, R. â€Å"History of DVD†). DVD recordable and rewritable DVD recordable and DVD rewritable denote to DVD optical disc formats which can be â€Å"burned† either rewritable or write once format. DVD recordable is an overall name which denotes to both rewritable and writes-once formats, while DVD writable denotes solely to rewritable formats. The DVD promoted and marketed as 4. 7 GB might seem to keep not more than that for the reason that manufacturers quote the volume of a writable DVD disc utilizing decimal prefixes instead of the binary prefixes utilized by number of software. On the other hand, a 4. 7 GB DVD can be able to accumulate 4. 7 billion bytes, utilizing the binary prefixes which has similar capacity is approximately 4. 38 GiB (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 18, 2006). Dual Layer Recording Dual Layer recoding permits DVD-R and DVD+R discs to accumulate and put in storage extensively more info or data which is capable of 8. 5 Gigabytes per disc, when contrasted with 4. 7 Gigabytes designed for single-layer discs. The DVD-R DL or â€Å"dual layer† was technologically advanced for the DVD Forum by the Pioneer Corporation while the DVD+R DL or â€Å"dual layer† was technologically advanced intended for the DVD+RW Alliance by Sony. Below are the two figures of DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 28, 2006). Figure of DVD-R DL Double Layer DVD+R Its Restrictions The DVD-Video includes four corresponding systems designed to limit and constraint the DVD user in a variety of procedures and these are the Content Scrambling System, Region codes, disabled user operations (UOP) and Macrovision. *Content Scrambling System* It is a Digital Rights Management or DRM plan make used on various DVDs. It make uses a weak, proprietary 40 bit stream cipher algorithm which has successively been compromised. It was in 1996 that the system was presented and established (wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 26, 2006). *Region Codes* it is the programming practice, chip, physical barrier, or code which is make used to stop or block the playing media designed for a device which comes from a place where it is introduced and distributed on the version of similar device distributed in another place. It is a kind of a form of vendor lock-in (Wikipedia, free encyclopedia. August 26, 2006). *Disabled User Operations* DVD-Video permits the disc to identify or indicate whether or not the handler may carry out any operation like skipping chapters, rewinding or forwarding, selecting a menu which is fundamentally any function on the remote control. This system is named as Prohibited User Operations or User Operation Prohibitions. *Macrovision* It is a company which makes electronic prevention plans and was established in 1963. The term is occasionally used to denote to specific video copy prevention plans which were technologically advanced by the company. Its features Some of the DVDs main features are: (1) copy protection built into standard; (2) DVD-ROM for improved multimedia and games applications; (3) every format uses a common file system; (4) DVD-Audio for advanced quality music, graphics and other features and surround sound and optical video and many others; (5) Backwards compatibility with current CD media and many others (see DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)†. http://www. usbyte. com/common/dvd. htm#Introduction). Hence, DVD it is widely used now globally. ______________________________________________________________________________ References: 1. Bellis, Mary. â€Å"DVD†. http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/bldvd. htm) 2. †DVD†. August 28, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DVD 3. Chapin, R. â€Å"History of DVD†. http://www. miqrogroove. com/writing/History%20of%20DVD. html 4. â€Å"DVD recordable†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. August 18, 2006http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DVD_recordable 5. â€Å"Content Scramble System†. August 26, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Content_Scrambling_System 6. â€Å"DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)†. http://www. usbyte. com/common/dvd. htm#Introduction

The Courage Of Children In Novels English Literature Essay

The Courage Of Children In Novels English Literature Essay You could consider the following questions. What is meant by the courage of children? Does this, in the Set Books, refer to physical or psychological courage, or both? Do the books present gender differences in their portrayal of courage and, if so, are these significant? How do differing authorial techniques, such as narrative voice, focalisation and intertextuality help determine the readers awareness of courage? You could also consider the historical context of both novels as part of your discussion. The critical articles in the Readers, DVD 1 and the DVD-ROM may all provide valuable material for this essay. Kimberley Reynolds suggests, of the nineteenth century, that much fiction was used quite consciously as a form of social control (DVD 1, no. 5). Investigate and determine how representative Little Women and Treasure Island are of this trend. Notes on a possible approach For this option, you might want to explore nineteenth-century ideological viewpoints of concepts such as family, gender, class and religion. It would be valuable to include some brief discussion of other contemporary texts. One possible approach would be to consider the following questions. How do the novels reflect their differing historical contexts? What evidence can be found for authorial intent, and how can differing prose techniques outlined on the DVD-ROM, including narrative voice, intertextuality and focalisation, help us establish authorial intent? You might find it helpful to revise the material in Activity 1.3 in the Study Guide as a starting point. Explore Peter Hollindales claim that Peter Pan retains its magical elasticity and its ongoing modernity (Reader 2, p.  159), with reference to different versions since its original production. Notes on a possible approach You could consider some or all of the following questions. Which aspects of the play can be described as particularly modern? How have these been adapted to suit specific productions since the plays original stage setting? How does Barries script present opportunities for alteration in relation to differing constructions of childhood? Why is Peter Pan often regarded as a pantomime? Compare and contrast the idea of fairyland in Peter Pan and in William Allinghams poem The Fairies. Notes on a possible approach It may be helpful to concentrate on a small number of specific scenes or extracts from Peter Pan for example, 1.1 (from line 315, Peters entrance to the end) or 3.1. You might want to consider the historical and generic context of each of the two texts. Does it matter that one text is a play and the other a poem, in terms of how differently they may have been presented and received? Activity 3.6 in the Study Guide could be a useful starting point when planning your essay. Childrens perceptions of, and perspectives on, the world around them are often represented by childrens writers as inevitably incomplete and therefore flawed. Evaluate this suggestion with reference to any three of the Set Books in Block 4. Notes on a possible approach You could consider some or all of the following questions: How does each author represent the worldview of their child protagonist(s)? How does the structure of each novel, including such aspects as time-scale, narrative voice, dialogue, and a sense of place, help establish this? How do your chosen texts present differing, or similar, approaches to realism and aspects of fantasy? Is there a link between the uses of realism and fantasy, and representations of childrens perceptions and perspectives? Why might it matter if a childs perceptions of, and perspectives on the world around them are represented as flawed? You may find it useful to revise Part 1, Section 1 Telling and Showing, and Section  2 Focalisation, on the DVD-ROM. Discuss David Rudds defence of the work of Enid Blyton (Reader 1, pp.  168-82), in relation to the prestige conferred on two of the Set Books for Block  4, one of which must be either Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone or Northern Lights. Notes on a possible approach You could consider some or all of the following questions: What evidence is there for differing assessments of the popularity and quality of both Enid Blytons work and your two chosen texts? How can the success of a childrens book best be quantified? What differing views on the nature of childhood can be observed in the chosen books, and do these necessarily represent the times in which they were written? How have the criteria for judging the merits of childrens literature changed since the eighteenth century? How does the postmodern picturebook set out to capture both the adult and the child readers interest? Notes on a possible approach You could discuss which characteristics of a picturebook might invite the description of postmodern to be applied to it, drawing on a few examples. You could explore how the elements of a picturebook, including text, images, and paratext, combine to create meaning for both the child and adult reader. Is it possible to identify any elements as seemingly designed to appeal to particular age groups With reference to The Tale of Peter Rabbit and Voices in the Park, explore and evaluate the assertion by William Moebius that the best picturebooks can and do portray the intangible and invisible [], ideas that escape easy definition in pictures or words (Reader 1, p. 314). Notes on a possible approach You could consider, firstly, examples of concepts that might be described as intangible and invisible that are demonstrated in these two books. How do all the elements of these books unite to help create this? How do these help us understand the views of childhood, and of child readers, presented by the authors? You might wish to include a comparison between the historical contexts of the two books and how to situate each one in relation to childrens picturebooks generally Rachel Falconer states that it is important that the books and films [young people] read and watch should address the reality of their lives (Reader 1, p.  375). Is this view borne out by contemporary writing for children? Discuss with particular reference to three of the Set Books in Block 6. Notes on a possible approach You could consider some or all of the following questions. What might the phrase the reality of their lives assume? Can the reality of contemporary life be explored by books set either in the historical past or an imagined future? Do any, or all, of the books you have chosen raise the ideological question of what is suitable for children (Hewings in the Study Guide, p.  259)? Does the provision of a convenient exotic background (Hewings in the Study Guide, p.  265) help child readers to confront difficult concepts, or perhaps hinder them? Peter Hunt argues that while [childrens] books reflect the underlying preoccupations of a culture, the most notable ones also challenge and subvert (Reader 1, p.  72). Discuss this statement, with reference to three of the Set Books in Block 6. Notes on a possible approach You might want to consider the following questions. How, if at all, do your chosen books reflect attitudes to childhood currently observable within society? What underlying preoccupations do you find reflected in them? How, if at all, might these books differ from other childrens books of their time? Can you identify evidence of the authors overt moral intention (Hewings in the Study Guide, p.  260)? How can authorial choices, such as the use of direct or indirect speech, help influence the ways in which readers respond to the text? EMA: the assignment Answer either Option 1 or Option 2. Your assignment should be a maximum of 3000 words in length, excluding your list of references. Option 1 Some idea of a child or childhood motivates writers and determines both the form and content of what they write. Consider how this statement, from Peter Hunts first article in Reader 1 (p.  13), applies to any three of the Set Books. Your essay must draw on materials from at least two blocks of EA300. Option 2 Discuss how the book that has most recently won the UK Carnegie Prize fits into the history and tradition of childrens literature. Your discussion should also refer to at least one of the Set Books

The Plight of Genetically Engineered Food Essay -- Analysis, Ronald an

I was one of those people who believed that there was something chemical or artificial about genetic engineering. To be quite honest, I had never really thought about the process of GE and I think that is the problem with the average consumer. After reading the book Tomorrow’s Table by Pamela C. Ronald and Raoul W. Adamchak, I realized just how far my perception was from the truth. Genetic engineering is directly related to organic farming, which strives to create more nutritious, better tasting food without the use of chemicals. The book describes organic farming as â€Å"better farming through biology† through the use of living organism (Ronald & Adamchak, 13). The widely accepted method of farming in the US involves using chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. It is strange to think that we, as a society, have become so accustomed to consuming foods exposed to pesticides, yet many are unwilling to eat GE foods. Genetic engineering has been used for over thirty ye ars without any evidence of harming anyone. Over one billion acres of GE crops have been grown and distributed throughout the world without a single legitimate case of health risk (Ronald & Adamchack, 52). This is in contrast to pesticides, again a widely accepted presence in farming, which is believed to poison (and sometimes kill) several thousand people each year, albeit, mostly farmers who have a more direct exposure (Ronald & Adamchak, 87). It is unsettling how little attention is paid to a chemical presence which has been documented to harm, whereas genetic engineering, a biological process is feared and unfairly judged. I am sure this peculiar result is due to how little the average person understands about genetic engineering of food, and the way it has been pres... ... people; the right people, so that it can achieve the most good for the largest amount of people. Without proper government involvement and implementation to ensure farmers and consumers benefit, the development of such technology has little use (Ronald & Adamchak, 150). This technology needs to be directed at the public good, and not private interests of corporations. Tomorrow’s Table helped me understand a lot about genetic engineering that I did not previously. I think this book would be an excellent resource for those who are unaware of the process and about GE foods. I think that overall, based on what I have read, GE technology is a positive tool that can help solve or at least alleviate many of the problems we will face in the coming fifty years and beyond. This is farming for the next phase of our society and I think is crucial in order for it to thrive.

Psychology in “Still Alice” The Movie Essay

I. Still Alice – Summary The movie starts off with the scene of Alice celebrating her 50th birthday at a fancy restaurant along with her husband and children with the exception of Lydia. Then, the next scene shows Alice as a guest speaker in a linguistic class, this is because she is a world-renowned in her field of specialty. As she discusses something about babies, she forgets what she would say next and eventually losing her concentration. She comes home finding the house empty and decided to go for a jog. In the course of jogging, she suddenly stopped and decided to look around her – this is because she forgot where she is. You can find her very troubled during this scene but she composed herself finally remembering where she is and decided to head home. The next part of the movie illustrates Alice going to the doctor. She tells him her memory problems and the doctor gives her some memory exercises, this includes asking her the name of her parents which answered correctly but there’s this one question that she failed to reply. As the story goes on, Alice is showed preparing for the family’s Christmas dinner while doing some memory exercises for herself. During the dinner, Alice introduces herself to her son’s girlfriend which confuses the latter because they have been introduced earlier. As she goes back to the doctor, she finds out that her MRI is fine but the doctor insists of having another test for her because she might have early onset Alzheimer’s Disease. As days passed by, Alice is getting more anxious of herself having the disease. She decided to tell her husband about it and he wouldn’t believe it causing Alice to break down. Her husband decided to accompany her in visiting the doctor and the doctor confirmed Alice’s condition. They opted to tell their children about and let them take the test for the disease is hereditary. The results surfaced that Anna, the eldest daughter is positive for the disease. As the story is progressing, Alice’s condition seems to worsen, she forgot about important dinner plans and this caused her husband to worry about her but despite this, she still wants to keep her job and stay as long as she can still  manage to. At this point, she started writing a note to herself in her phone with basic questions such as what is the name of her oldest daughter, and then records herself talking to herself telling herself to take a bottle of pills to commit suicide. In the cell phone note it says to watch that video when she can no longer answer the basic questions. Eventually, all of these happened. Her condition continues to deteriorate but despite all of these, her family continued to guide her and support her. Along with struggling because of the disease, she decided to make every moment meaningful. In the final scene, it shows Alice cannot speak well anymore and we assume that she will ultimately forget everything. II. Answer the following questions. II.1. How relevant is the understanding of the illness contribute to a functional adjustment to the life of the person? As a human being, the only one who can tell what you really feel is yourself. You know what you can do and up to what extent you could go on. This goes the same to the understanding of our own illnesses in relation to the functional adjustment in our lives. Knowing or being aware of what our disease are could really help us a lot. It serves as a preparation for us and for our loved ones. Just like Alice in the movie, because she understands what her illness is, she is able to at least take precautionary measures and was able to adjust her daily living. It also gives the people around us the right amount of understanding they need to give so as to support in our struggle against the condition. Furthermore, understanding your illness will also help you adjust to what might really happen to you. II.2. Personally, how were you affected by the movie? Honestly, I was moved by the movie. The disease may be rare but it’s fatal. I felt pity for those persons who have it for they would forget everything they worked for and all the happy moments of their life and even forget about themselves. It made me realize how difficult it is to be in that situation for I cannot even imagine myself in Alice’s shoes. The movie also  taught me the importance of family – that no matter what, they will always stick by your side. They will try to understand you and support you even if you couldn’t recognize them for it is the meaning of a family – it’s love.

The Monster of Nightmares and the Unknown Professor Ramos Blog

The Monster of Nightmares and the Unknown The monster I am covering is Cthulhu. Out of all of the monsters I have seen if I had to put him on a grading scale I would give him an â€Å"A†. He is a monster that is hard to understand because he is very rarely directly referenced in anything; even his name is rarely uttered by anyone. He is described as â€Å"The Thing cannot be described- there is no language for such abysms of shrieking and immemorial lunacy, such eldritch contradictions of all matter, force, and cosmic order.† (Lovecraft 3) in his original story where he appears but since then he has taken on a new shape. He is said to look like a giant green humanoid creature with a squid like head, tentacles making up his mouth, wings on his back, a long tail, and claws. Cthulhu He is considered to be one of â€Å"The Old Ones† (Lovecraft 2) a being of nightmares and unimaginable power and knowledge; a god in his own right. Even when he is in his eternal slumber her can alters peoples dreams, and make them see horrific unthinkable things. He wants to use people against themselves, using a person’s curiosity against them as they seek out the source of the dreams and horrible visions. He is also known to shift reality by giving people ancient artifacts about the old ones and even having mind melting creatures stand in the wake of anyone that opposite him or his cults. His ultimate goal is to be released into the universe so that he can do as he pleases again, with no one to stop him. Once released everyone can only hope that they are so insignificant that he will not destroy our planet. â€Å"We are like ants to him, our only hope is that he does not notice us so that we can keep living our insignificant lives.† (Gildark) He is also said to know so much that if you ever got the chance to ask him a question your brain would literally explode before he ever finished answering you. With the better understanding of how the monster looks and how he acts, I can explain how Cthulhu is a grade â€Å"A† monster. Cthulhu came to be through a short horror tale written by the writer Howard Phillips Lovecraft in the magazine called Weird Tales in the year 1928. Lovecraft would go on to write many more horrific monsters and tales that would become very famous in literature. Cthulhu represents the fear of the unknown in culture, but he can also represent the fear of the uncontrollable. He serves the culture by showing us we can’t let the fear of the unknown consume us and drive us mad. We have to keep moving forward with our lives and make it the best we can with what we have. Cthulhu is able to meet the criteria of a lot, if not all, of the monster theories that are stated by Cohen. Some of the bigger theories he meets the criteria of in my opinion are â€Å"†¦thesis 2, The Monster Always Escapes†¦ thesis 3, The Monster is the Harbinger of a Category Crisis†¦ and thesis 7, The Monster Stands at the Threshold of Becoming† (Cohen) Starting with thesis 2 he is one of the monsters that always escapes which goes perfectly with everything he represents. He is the fear of the unknown and if he is left to his own devises there is no telling what he can do with his god like strength and power. Another reason to why he always escapes is because there has never been a single way to even stop Cthulhu in the first place, which some may see as a flaw to a monster but again in my opinion fits very well with the intent behind the monster, you can not stop the unknown, you can only stave it off by staying in bubble. Now on to thesis 3. Whenever Cthulhu shows up or even his name is uttered, the crisis has already started. When the monster is in his slumber like state, he can still affect the minds of people and make weird things happen, which makes people go crazy. He doesn’t even have to physically intervein to cause a crisis to start happening, but once he does, then the crisis has really started. Lastly thesis 7, I have been referencing this through the whole paper, what makes him the scariest is because you have no idea what he will do next, he brings back our fears of the unknown, and the monster itself can’t be scary, it was never described to us in the original book, not well at least. We are scared of what our mind makes of him. Now, to compare the Cthulhu written by H.P. Lovecraft to the newer Cthulhu that was in the movie â€Å"Cthulhu†, the older Cthulhu written by H.P. Lovecraft had a very ominous feel to him making him an indescribable and unspeakable creature from the depths of the unknown ocean with the tangibility of a living being and the power of a god made for a very scary monster in itself. With these words alone fear can be stricken into the hearts of many people as their minds race to try to imagine such a monstrosity and what would happen if he was unleashed onto the world. The newer version of him in the movie â€Å"Cthulhu† he is given a face which I feel really takes away from the phycological horror that comes with the H.P. Lovecraft monster, but in the same stroke you are also able to see the monsters powers in action as mass amounts of people and monsters murder and cause insanity in the name of Cthulhu. Structures are toppled, laws thrown out the window, and empathy for one another completely gone as the beast makes everyone lose their mind just by the mere thought of him being an actual living being in the universe. With both of them having their strengths and weaknesses I still believe that the original Cthulhu is a much better monster than new Cthulhu, because humans will always be afraid of the unknown and the uncontrollable, while the new Cthulhu is uncontrollable he has been given a body and face so he is no longer the unknown. Humans’ biggest fear is not the monster itself because there is always a way to beat the monster, but the fear of what the monster really is. â€Å"You are not afraid of the dark, you are afraid of what might be in the dark.† Is something I have heard growing up and that statement stands true. With everything I have touch on about the original Cthulhu I have no doubt in my mind that he is a grade â€Å"A† monster. He represents our fear of the unknown, something we can never get away from no matter how hard we could try, no way to kill it, and no way to make it go away. Even if you think you are out of his grasps he always has a way of showing back up. When I think of truly petrifying monsters he is the first name I think of because he is the one that makes you think about just how scary he is. So if you have never heard of him, I highly suggest acquainting yourself with him, you will be in for a very scary treat. Works Cited Chambers Harrap, Una McGovern Cthulhu. Chambers Dictionary of Literary Characters, 1st edition, 2004. Credo Reference, Accessed 18 Jul. 2019. This will be one of my scholarly sources. It is the definition and description of Cthulhu. This is a great source to use as a clear definition of what the monster is. This can be used in a multitude of ways to explain how he fits into monster theory and just in general clear things up. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Monster Culture: Seven Theses. From Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 3-25. This is the clip out of a book talks about monster culture and how monsters are shaped in the form of fears and worries of the cultures that made the monster. It gives a better look into monsters and is a great tool to pick monsters apart with. I will be using this to show how well Cthulhu was made to be a monster of his time and how he became so popular. Gildark, Dan, director. Cthulhu. Regent Releasing, 2007. This is the most recent film featuring the story of Cthulhu. The story shows Russ coming back for his grandmothers funeral. He is kind of tied into a creepy cult without ever knowing much about it. He digs deeper to find out the weird happenings that have been going on in the town for years ranging from missing people to just creepy happenings that cant be explained. I will be using this as a more modern adaption of Cthulhu to show what has changed about him, or even if he carries different meanings now then when he did back when he was made. Lovecraft, Howard Phillips. â€Å"The Call of Cthulhu.† Weird Tales, Feb. 1928. This is the short story where Cthulhu first originated. It talks of a man looking through his Grand-Uncle’s research after his odd death. His Uncle talks about odd ancient writings that he had come across and an ever living cult called â€Å"The Cthulhu Cult† that worshipped a god-like being with horrible powers. The main character’s curiosity gets the better of him and goes to seek out more and ends up getting more information than he could ever wish for. I am going to use this in my paper as a main source because this is the first time Cthulhu has shown up in history and he makes for the perfect monster of his time. Lovecraft, H(oward) P(hillips). Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Liam Rodger, and Joan Bakewell, Chambers Harrap, 9th edition, 2011. Credo Reference, Accessed 18 Jul. 2019. This will be one of my scholarly sources. This is a Biography of H.P. Lovecraft the creator of the monster Cthulhu. I will use this source to show the times that Lovecraft grew up in and why he made the monster the way he did. I will also use this to reference the culture and environment the monster was made for.

Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase Essays

Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase Essays Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase Paper Effect of Temperature on Activity of Alcalase and Savinase Paper Hypothesis The optimum temperatures of Alcalase and Savinase will be different. Above and below their optimum temperatures activity will decrease. Biological explanation This investigation is designed to look at the effect of temperature on the activity of the proteases Alcalase and Savinase. By the end of it I hope to know the optimum temperature of both proteases. The substrate I am going to use during the experiments is the protein gelatin, which is a translucent, colourless, brittle solid substance found in the collagen inside an animals’ connective tissues. In my experiments it is going to be in the form of a single, thin layer, used on the surface of photographic film. It is useful in photography because it acts as protein glue, sticking the silver halide crystals to the surface of the plastic film. I am using it in this form, as it is easy to see when the enzyme has digested the gelatin. This is because normally the surface of the gelatine-silver halide layer turns black when exposed to light. However, when the enzyme has removed the gelatin the black colouring will disappear and only the clear plastic will be visible. Therefore, it can be easily identified when the reaction between the enzyme and the gelatin is complete, so this form of gelatin is very appropriate. Alcalase is a high temperature protease, meaning it works best at high temperatures, so its optimum temperature must be fairly high in relative terms, taking into account that most biological enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37. 5Â °C. It is commonly found in soil. Due to it being a high temperature protease I would expect its activity to increase with the temperature up to its optimum temperature, which I think may be about 50Â °C. I predict its optimum temperature to be around this figure because the enzyme is used in washing powders and this is a reasonable temperature to washing clothes at. Savinase is a low temperature protease, meaning it works best at low temperatures, so its optimum temperature must be fairly low in relative terms, taking into account that most biological enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37. 5Â °C. It also is found in soil. Due to it being a low temperature protease I would expect its activity to decrease as the temperature increases once the temperature is above its optimum temperature. I think the optimum temperature will be about 30Â °C because this enzyme is also used in washing powder, but in special energy saving washing powder, which operates at 30Â °C. The proteases are able to break down the protein gelatin because they are specific to the reaction needing to take place. They are specific in that their active sites on the surface of the enzyme fit the gelatin substrate, fulfilling the lock and key hypothesis and forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The optimum temperature is the temperature at which these formations occur most efficiently, due to the enzymes active site being the most accurate shape to fit the substrate. Therefore, temperature affects the activity of enzymes by changing the shape of the active site, which means it is changing the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The tertiary structure is changed because the weak hydrogen bonds that hold the protein in its 3D helical shape are broken due to the heat. As well as the enzymes active site being the correct shape at the optimum temperature there is a better balance of kinetic energy, causing more collisions between enzyme and substrate and therefore more enzyme-substrate complexes are formed, increasing activity. At high temperatures in comparison with the optimum temperature the enzymes tertiary structure may change completely, disabling all activity, as the substrate won’t fit the active site. This is known as denaturation. However, at temperatures below the optimum, the tertiary structure of the enzyme isn’t altered and denaturation does not occur, it is simply a slower rate of reaction due to less kinetic energy and therefore reduced collisions between the enzymes and substrates. Apparatus *2 200cm3 Volumetric Flask – to hold the enzyme solutions *2 Stirring rods – to assist in covering film strips in solution *3 Boiling tubes – to hold strips of photographic film in water bath *Scissors – to cut photographic film *Ruler – to measure a length of photographic film *Stop clock – to time incubation period Balance accurate to 2d. p. – to weigh out mass of enzyme needed *Exposed, developed photographic film – as substrate *4g Encapsulated Alcalase – as high temperature protease enzyme *4g Encapsulated Savinase – as low temperature protease enzyme *Water bath – to incubate boiling tubes holding photographic film at temperatu res 30Â °C -100Â °C at 10Â °C intervals *400cm3 pH8. 0 buffer – to maintain a constant pH *2 200 cm3 Volumetric Flask – to measure the volume of buffer needed *Thermometer – to check temperature of solution when in water bath *Volumetric Pipette – to measure out the volume of enzyme needed Variables *Temperature – This is the only variable I will purposely change. I will do this by using a water bath at several different temperatures. These temperatures are 30Â °C, 40Â °C, 50Â °C, 60Â °C, 70Â °C, 80Â °C, 90Â °C and 100Â °C. Temperature must be controlled because to find the optimum temperature I need to try the above exact temperatures and if it wasn’t controlled to the exact temperature I couldn’t specify the exact optimum temperature. *pH – Must be kept constant. I will keep the pH optimised throughout using 200cm3 of pH8. 0 buffer. It must be kept constant to ensure fair results. *Enzyme concentration – Must be kept constant. I will use 4g of the encapsulated enzyme, made up to 200 cm3 of solution, where there will be a 2% concentration of the enzyme in all my experiments using a balance, accurate to 2d. p. Enzyme concentration needs to be kept constant because if there was a higher concentration in one experiment than in the other the rate of reaction may be increased or decreased in comparison to what it should have been, therefore the results will be affected and it will be an unfair test. Substrate concentration – Must be kept constant. I will use the same length and width of photographic film, measured using a ruler, in all my experiments. Substrate Concentration needs to be kept constant because if there was a higher concentration in one experiment than in the other the rate of reaction may be increased or decreased in comparison to what it should have been, therefore the results will be aff ected and it will be an unfair test. *Incubation period – This will change depending on how fast the rate of reaction is. The period will end as soon as the photographic film turns clear. The times are recorded and will form the basis of my results. *Reaction temperature – Will not be a constant time that it takes to heat the solution to the correct temperature before the film is added, but check must be made to see that it is at the correct temperature before the film is added. If it isn’t thoroughly heated through before the film is added then the results will be inaccurate, in that they will be lower than would be expected. I will check the temperature of the solution using a thermometer. *Volume of enzyme used – This will remain the same at 2cm3 throughout the whole investigation. I will keep it exactly the same using a 1cm3 volumetric pipette. It needs to be kept constant because if there is more enzyme solution in some experiments and less in others the rate of reaction and therefore the results will be affected, in that they may turn out to be lower than expected and become inaccurate. Exposure of film – All the photographic film used will be exposed in full sunlight prior to the investigation. The amount of light received needs to be the same for all the film used because if some is exposed to brighter light than others it will be more black in colour and therefore will need a longer or more vigorous reaction to make it totally clear, which could make results unreliable and inaccurate. Procedures 1. Set the water bath at 30Â °C. . Weigh out 4g of each enzyme and place in two 200cm3 v olumetric flasks. 3. Make up to the 200cm3 line on the flask with pH8. 0 buffer. 4. Add a lid to each flask and invert in turn to mix the substances thoroughly until enzymes are completely dissolved. 5. Cut off 3 strips of photographic film at 1cm in length and width. 6. Add 2cm3 of Alcalase and buffer solution to one boiling tube and 2cm3 of Savinase and buffer solution to the other. 7. Place the 2 boiling tubes in the water bath, along with an empty one for the control. 8. Leave them for 5 minutes and check the temperature with a thermometer to make sure the solutions are at the right temperature before adding the photographic film. 9. When the solutions are at the right temperature add a strip of photographic film to each boiling tube, making sure the strips have solution on the whole of them by using different stirring rods for the separate boiling tubes, to prod the strips down. 0. Start the stop clock and time how long it takes before the strip of photographic film has turned clear. 11. Record the time it took on the stop clock for the gelatin to be completely digested and the film to become clear. 12. Repeat steps 5 to 9 twice for the same temperature and decide on an average colour change for each enzyme and the control. 13. Set the water bath at 40Â °C, 50Â °C, 60Â °C, 70Â °C, 80Â °C, 90Â °C and 100Â °C repeating steps 5 to 10 for each temperature.

Use of Thematic Maps in Geography

Use of Thematic Maps in Geography A thematic map emphasizes a theme or topic, such as the average distribution of rainfall in an area. Theyre different from general reference maps because they dont just show natural and manmade features such as rivers, cities, political subdivisions, and highways. If these items appear on a thematic map, theyre reference points to enhance ones understanding of the maps theme and purpose. Normally, thematic maps use coastlines, city locations, and political boundaries as their basis. The maps theme is then layered onto this base map via different mapping programs and technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS). History Thematic maps didnt develop until the mid-17th century, because accurate base maps didnt exist before then. Once maps became accurate enough to correctly display coastlines, cities, and other boundaries, the first thematic maps were created. In 1686, for example, English astronomer Edmond Halley developed a star chart and published the first meteorological chart using base maps as his reference in an article he wrote about trade winds. In 1701, Halley published the first chart to show lines of magnetic variation,  a thematic map that later became useful in navigation. Halleys maps were largely used for navigation and study of the physical environment. In 1854, London doctor John Snow created the first thematic map used for problem analysis when he mapped choleras spread throughout the city. He began with a base map of Londons neighborhoods that included streets and water pump locations. He then mapped locations where people had died from cholera on that base map and found that the deaths clustered around one pump. He determined that the water coming from the pump was the cause of cholera. The first map of Paris showing population density was developed by Louis-Leger Vauthier, a French engineer. It used isolines (lines connecting points of equal value) to show population distribution throughout the city. He is believed to have been the first to use isolines to display a theme that didnt have to do with physical geography. Audiences and Sources The most significant factor to consider when designing thematic maps is the maps audience, which helps determine what items should be included on the map as reference points in addition to the theme. A map being made for a political scientist, for example, would need to show political boundaries, whereas one for a biologist might need contours showing elevation. The sources of thematic maps data are also important. Cartographers must find accurate, recent, reliable sources of information on a wide range of subjects, from environmental features to demographic data, to make the best possible maps. Once accurate data is found, there are various ways to use that data that must be considered with the maps theme. Univariate mapping deals with only one type of data and looks at the occurrence of one type of event. This process would be good for mapping a locations rainfall. Bivariate data mapping shows the distribution of two data sets and models their correlations, such as rainfall amounts relative to elevation. Multivariate data mapping, which uses two or more data sets, could look at rainfall, elevation, and the amount of vegetation relative to both, for example. Types of Thematic Maps Although cartographers can use data sets in different ways to create thematic maps, five thematic mapping techniques are used most often: The most common is the choropleth map, which portrays quantitative data as a color and can show density, percent, average value, or quantity of an event within a geographic area. Sequential colors represent increasing or decreasing positive or negative data values. Normally, each color also represents a range of values.Proportional or graduated symbols are used in another type of map to represent data associated with locations, such as cities. Data is displayed on these maps with proportionally sized symbols to show differences in occurrences. Circles are most often used, but squares and other geometric shapes are also suitable. The most common way to size these symbols is to make their areas proportional to the values to be depicted using mapping or drawing software.Another thematic map, the isarithmic or contour map, uses isolines to depict continuous values such as precipitation levels. These maps also can display three-dimensional values, such as elevation, on topographic maps. G enerally, data for isarithmic maps is gathered via measurable points (e.g. weather stations) or is collected by area (e.g. tons of corn per acre by county). Isarithmic maps also follow the basic rule that there are high and low sides in relation to the isoline. For example, in elevation, if the isoline is 500 feet, then one side must be higher than 500 feet and one side must be lower. A dot map, another type of thematic map, uses dots to show the presence of a theme and display a spatial pattern. A dot can represent one unit or several, depending on what is being depicted.Finally, dasymetric mapping is a complex variation on the choropleth map that uses statistics and additional information to combine areas with similar values instead of using the administrative boundaries common in a simple choropleth map.

The causes of drug abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The causes of drug abuse - Essay Example al abuse, and emotional abuse/neglect in childhood, is a significant risk factor for many psychiatric disorders later in life, such as substance abuse†(Wang et al., p.1). Bitter life experiences are the major motivating factor for drug abuse. It is not necessary that a person starts drug abuse immediately after he suffers a painful experience. In many cases, bitter childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, lack of parental care etc can generate drug abuse like antisocial behaviors later in the life of a person. Physical as well as psychological problems can cause drug abuse. People with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV, etc quite often take shelter in drug abuse to forget about the physical and mental pain caused by their diseases. Strained relationships and destruction of love affairs or dating relationships can also cause drug abuse like behavioral problems. Some people believe that drug uses can stimulate sexual energy. People, who are sexually impotent, often try to make use of drugs to improve their sexual energy or capabilities. Narcotic drugs create good feelings. There is the initial euphoric sensation that comes with taking the drug, and then there is the secondary effect associated with the type of drug used. If it is a stimulant, the initial euphoria is followed by inflated feelings of self-confidence and abundant energy; if it is a depressant, then the initial euphoria is followed by satisfaction and relaxation† (Ho). Unemployment, poverty and lack of living standards etc are other reasons for drug abuse. Nobody likes to lead a life in poverty. Everybody wants to lead a lavish life. Failure to get proper employment or raising the living standard often generates frustrations in the minds of the people. These frustrations often lead them towards drug abuse like behaviors. Improper knowledge about certain medicines or drugs often causes drug abuse. For example, marijuana is a controversial drug because of the arguments in favor and against it

Marketing Management and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Management and Strategy - Essay Example Different Firms use different strategies for the local and foreign marketing management. The main aim of this report is to critically analyze the international operations of an organization and the chosen company for the purpose is Coca Cola which is such a successful company due to its unique strategies. The Coca Cola Company is known widespread for its fizzy carbonated soft drink which is being sold in stores, cafeterias and retailing machines within more than 200 countries. Coca-Cola head offices are situated in Atlanta, Georgia, from where it was originated. The Coca-Cola Company actually produces beyond three thousands drinks and possesses four of the topmost five brands of soft drinks (Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta). ‘Coke’ brand is among the world’s top familiar and extensively sold profitable products. Its biggest competitor is Pepsi. Though coke has been fronting a lot of criticism from many NGOs due to the presence of huge amount of Acid and the unhealthy impacts of the carbonated water but it has built strategies to overcome these and is still most familiar and favorite drink. Additionally the company is known for its ethical and safety considerations (Ford, Stephens, & Cooper, 2007). Initially this carbonated drink was envisioned as a patent medicine in the time it was first invented during early nineteenth century, then Coca Cola was subscribed by wise businessman, named Asa Griggs Candler, who made belligerent marketing strategies and enthusiastic marketing campaigns which steered the brand ‘Coke’ to be the most super and widely accepted brand in the world through the twentieth century. While confronted with charges of tenacious lateral impacts on the health of customers and unchallenged practices of the Coca Cola Company, Coke has continued to be a widespread soft drink in the twenty first century as well (Ford, Stephens, & Cooper, 2007). The company has also made its 2020

Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning Styles - Essay Example I think that everyone should know the way they learn. However, if an individual does not know how they learn they may find it a struggle to learn. They may be trying to learn the wrong way they may make them become frustrated and give up. When I was in high school I was not a good student. I received c’s and d’s. I was trying but l did not have anyone to show me how to learn so I gave up. It was not until I went to collage that I learned how to learn. Now I love to learn and I try to learn from different sources (LeFever, 2003). In taking the learning inventory I have found that there are few techniques that I have not tried; such as using graphics, tables, and spreadsheets to organize material, walk back and forth, and reading out loud. I would also like to try using things in my home and on the street to memory things. Throughout, my collage learning experiment I have learned not to give up. If I cannot learn in one way there are always ten other ways to try to learn the material (LeFever,

Abandoned Friendship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abandoned Friendship - Essay Example I told him to be strong and remain contented with what little you have. In essence I gave him the shoulder to sob upon. Then he told me the unfortunate mission behind our going to the mall. He told me we were there to steal a few things which were important for him at that stage of his life. I was shocked to hear that and could not believe how I could be a part of such an activity. I told him this was amazing and I could have never thought of doing anything like that. He told me to help him otherwise he would stop calling me as a friend. My morals did not allow me to do such a thing. He forced me by hand to go to the mall and help him steal some stuff for him. I shrugged off completely and quickly. I made my way to my place without even looking backwards. That was the day this friendship came to an end. I was utterly shocked by his aggressiveness and I cannot believe, to this day, how I could have befriended such a human

Proposal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Proposal Example (a) Horizontal dimensions, and (b) Extended uniform setbacks. The analysis is conducted using total 24 two-dimensional five-story, five-bay MRSF models that cover all possible combinations of the vertical and horizontal dimensions of uniform setbacks. The effects of irregularities and variations in elastic demands, in response to earthquakes, will be investigated and compared through; (a) Modal properties (b) Elastic base shear strength demands (c) Elastic story shear strength demand (d) Global displacement demands (e) Story drift demands (f) Elastic multi degree of freedom systems (MDOF) modification factor. Variation in these parameters is determined using accepted linear static and dynamic procedures. During the study, the variation in inelastic capacities will also be evaluated and compared through; (a) Base and story yield shear strengths (b) Global and story ductility capacities (c) Failure mechanisms and ultimate strengths (d) Inelastic seismic design coefficients such as; structural ductility factor (), ductility reduction factor (R), structural over-strength factor () and their distributions using nonlinear static procedure, namely push-over analysis. The limitations and adequacy of each analysis procedure in predicting demand and capacities of buildings with specific amount of irregularity will also be evaluated by comparison with the results obtained from "exact" nonlinear time-history analysis procedure. The study is expected to define, 'limit states' of uniform setbacks, for the application of each procedure determining seismic demands and capacities. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Motivation of the study Design of a building with vertical geometric... (d) Inelastic seismic design coefficients such as; structural ductility factor (), ductility reduction factor (R), structural over-strength factor () and their distributions using nonlinear static procedure, namely push-over analysis. The limitations and adequacy of each analysis procedure in predicting demand and capacities of buildings with specific amount of irregularity will also be evaluated by comparison with the results obtained from "exact" nonlinear time-history analysis procedure. The study is expected to define, 'limit states' of uniform setbacks, for the application of each procedure determining seismic demands and capacities. Design of a building with vertical geometric irregularity to resist earthquake loads is a challenging problem that structural engineering needs to overcome early in the conceptual design phase.

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals Research Paper

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals - Research Paper Example It is reasonable to presume that number of adaptive mechanisms has evolved in marine mammals to deal with natural sounds; however it is still uncertain to state that those mechanisms are sufficient to compensate for the comparatively recent advent of anthropogenic ocean noise. Different approaches are adapted by cetaceans that are far better than those developed by terrestrial species at averting or managing the problems created by masking. (Wright et al, 2007) Regardless of these adaptations, they still have limits to mask with this noise. Sound waves travel further than light in ocean, unfortunately influencing large area of marine mammals. Auditory capabilities have evolved to supplement and/or replace the use of vision for many marine animals. The main reason behind this is that light does not travel very far in water. Although the sound in the ocean environment is a feature of marine mammal habitat, yet marine mammals tends to choose their locations and alter their behaviour positioned on natural and anthropogenic sounds. (Hildebrand, 2005) .Depending on factors, some of which are species, individual, age, sex, initial exposure to noise, and behavioural state, marine mammals shows great variation in the response to noise. Sources of sound in the aquatic environment can be natural or man-made, but the natural sources are not studied in detail because they could not be controlled easily. Therefore, the focus shifts to the management of noise made by human contributions to the marine acoustic environment, in which sound plays important natural roles. Wide ranges of sound are produced by human activities. These sounds are referred to as Anthropogenic sounds. Concern is now growing towards the influence of noise from human activities on the marine life. Yet, there is a conflicting understanding on how these anthropogenic noises affects at the individual or population level. Characteristics of underwater sound,

Abandoned Friendship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abandoned Friendship - Essay Example I told him to be strong and remain contented with what little you have. In essence I gave him the shoulder to sob upon. Then he told me the unfortunate mission behind our going to the mall. He told me we were there to steal a few things which were important for him at that stage of his life. I was shocked to hear that and could not believe how I could be a part of such an activity. I told him this was amazing and I could have never thought of doing anything like that. He told me to help him otherwise he would stop calling me as a friend. My morals did not allow me to do such a thing. He forced me by hand to go to the mall and help him steal some stuff for him. I shrugged off completely and quickly. I made my way to my place without even looking backwards. That was the day this friendship came to an end. I was utterly shocked by his aggressiveness and I cannot believe, to this day, how I could have befriended such a human

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals Research Paper

The Effects of Anthropogenic sound on Marine Mammals - Research Paper Example It is reasonable to presume that number of adaptive mechanisms has evolved in marine mammals to deal with natural sounds; however it is still uncertain to state that those mechanisms are sufficient to compensate for the comparatively recent advent of anthropogenic ocean noise. Different approaches are adapted by cetaceans that are far better than those developed by terrestrial species at averting or managing the problems created by masking. (Wright et al, 2007) Regardless of these adaptations, they still have limits to mask with this noise. Sound waves travel further than light in ocean, unfortunately influencing large area of marine mammals. Auditory capabilities have evolved to supplement and/or replace the use of vision for many marine animals. The main reason behind this is that light does not travel very far in water. Although the sound in the ocean environment is a feature of marine mammal habitat, yet marine mammals tends to choose their locations and alter their behaviour positioned on natural and anthropogenic sounds. (Hildebrand, 2005) .Depending on factors, some of which are species, individual, age, sex, initial exposure to noise, and behavioural state, marine mammals shows great variation in the response to noise. Sources of sound in the aquatic environment can be natural or man-made, but the natural sources are not studied in detail because they could not be controlled easily. Therefore, the focus shifts to the management of noise made by human contributions to the marine acoustic environment, in which sound plays important natural roles. Wide ranges of sound are produced by human activities. These sounds are referred to as Anthropogenic sounds. Concern is now growing towards the influence of noise from human activities on the marine life. Yet, there is a conflicting understanding on how these anthropogenic noises affects at the individual or population level. Characteristics of underwater sound,

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Information technology has undoubtedly played important role of transforming the operation, management and the overall performance of many organizations. Similarly, it’s expected that information technology would show more or less same impact of results in the healthcare organizations. That is, the employment of IT system in the provision of health care services will mitigate the quality of service provision in the industry. Generally, the term â€Å"quality† is used not in its simplest form but has been used in its complex form, which is primarily meant to incorporate improvement of the functioning of the different healthcare departments together with the affiliated organizations which form part or participate in one way or another in the process of delivering health care service (Berg, 2001). Despite the fact that there has been increased investment in the healthcare industry, recent research has shown that the consumption of IT services/products is far much less in the healthcare industry as compared with the consumption rate of organizations in other sectors. Moreover, the large world population in developed countries or states like in the UK, USA among others access to high-quality healthcare services. While it’s known that not all individuals in the developed nations are well up, the poor and the middle class group experience a lot of obstacles as they endeavor to access healthcare services and their related products such as acquisition of healthcare insurance cover and payment of hospital bills. With the low consumption rate of the IT services by the healthcare organizations in most developed nations, this has led to provisions of meager services to the poor, but it’s postulated changing to intensive IT consumption would mitigate the situation (Fournier, 2003). Significance of Using EMR system There are several reasons for the embracing of IT systems in the healthcare industry. Depending on different perspective of the focus, the use IT system has been used to bring an evolution in the healthcare provision. Like in other industries dealing with provisions of services and products different from those of healthcare industry, the implementation of IT services in the healthcare sector is aimed at bringing an evolution both in the performance and quality of the services delivered to the consumers. For the last two or three decades back, many organizations have put more efforts in the funding of healthcare service provision, in order to have a change from the traditional record keeping practices. The adoption of the E-recording has thus been viewed as major step towards achieving a greater improvement in the healthcare overall performance. The consumption of IT services though is at low rates, the benefit accrued from the few ways in which it has been absorbed is enormous. In the area of medical records and record keeping, healthcare industry is adopting to the IT system to solve the problem of complexity in their system. First and foremost, the utilization of IT systems in medical record and recording reduces the time of production, spaces and transfer duration, thus leading to overall decrease in the expenditure cost of the record management (Berg, 2001). Facility evaluation The EMR facility is a sophisticated instrument which comprises of different parts for the accomplishment of the recording and storage of healthcare data and information. The equipment’s components include both computer hardware as well as software that support its data processing, storage operations and management. The major physical parts of the facility are the CPU together with its accessory components, while the non-physical component included the operating software and the special EMR software, which permit the performance of multiples tasks of healthcare. The special software is an advanced one which enables data entry through use of clicks, reducing the amount of keyboard typing. This means that the EMR facility supports the input of enormous data into the healthcare records with ease. The advanced software not only wires information in the word formats but it also supports the use of the imagery or photographic works, meaning that it’s a complete storage system of healthcare information. Cost of EMR system The EMR system is a model that occupies the least space in data storage systems. Though it has a multi-task purpose, the costs perhaps is at moderate rate. EMR costs are computed from the various variables or components which are needed in the implementation of the system within an organization. The costs of implementing EMR are identified in two classes, viz the purchasing and installation system cost and the maintenance cost. Usually, prior to the installation of the EMR system, the CPU and computer accessories must be purchased. Additionally, the clinicians and physician are without the knowledge of developing the superior software which allows the carrying out of the various functions of data storage and processing. Currently, the prices of a computer range from $ 7000 to 7500, while the software prices are estimated in the range of $`1000 to $1500 which are inclusive of the license charges. The grant installation expenses of the hardware and the software within the healthcare premise is approximated at $ 3500, but this quote is not inclusive of the implementation expenses which incorporates the costs incurred during the adoption of the new systems. A part from the equipment and software costs, other indirect expenses are incurred in the courses of running the systems: the maintenance costs which are at about $ 2000 per annum (Fournier, 2003). Regulation implications The utilization of the EMR systems in hospitals will have great impacts on the regulation and management of information within the healthcare provider organizations. Among the anticipated outcomes is that the use of this system would save time taken in retrieving patient’s information as well as hasten transferring of the information to any other organization or party where it’s needed. By doing so, both insurance organizations and organizations acting as referral healthcare services providers will have broader based of the assessment the patient’s health progress. While this system employed Electronic signatures that are unique, it’s a practice that reduces the risks associated with the heavy use of personalized signatures that can change with time or maybe forgotten. Barriers to EMR systems As revealed in a number of healthcare organization that have endeavored to install the new EMR system in their organization, there are several challenges are generally faced by firms implementing the system. According to the disclosed information, the initial outlay or capital is extremely high to be met within the current budget on healthcare development. The lean budgetary range bars the purchase of crucial and basic equipments such as power backups to ensure data inputs and output operations are not halted due blackouts or brown out that adversely affect the quality of service delivery. Considering that most have workers have been used to the old system of paper work, it’s undoubtedly overt that most of them will be disturbed of the implementation of the system (Miller, 2004). The employment of EMR system mean that much work would be accomplished by a few clinicians and physician workers, a case that actually acts as a threat to job security for some of the employees. To take the full benefits of the systems, it’s very important for the training of the staffs, particularly to empower them in the use of installed system. This calls for the payment of the training service from external organization/firms as the organization has got no training personnel with the required knowledge, experience and proficient of the installed system. The hiring of the new trainers is not ease as their cost falls out of the current budget. The handling of the new system of EMR also demands the use of shared devices such as serves, which implies that the company would have to hire additional staff to maintain the networks and the servers. Fraud and waste issues The implementation of the EMR systems within the organization has the ability of curbing certain problems experienced in the course of management and activity accomplishment. Usually, most of the organization depending on the traditional paper work recording depicted a lot of movements from one place to another. This indicates poor integration or communication between individuals at different departments. Sometimes, this increases the duration of the patient’s stay within the healthcare facility. Thus, the employment of the EMR system reduces the waste of healthcare facilities by eliminating or reducing many personnel movements, meanwhile leading to improvement on patient’s safety and general service delivery. Though EMR systems is appealing way of improving the clinicians and physicians work effectiveness, high risks on privacy and confidence are associated with this kind of system. System hacking together with ease of reproducing the data in this system acts as the greatest threat to the use of the methodology (Miller, 2004) EMR Implementation The following are steps of implementing an EMR system: †¢ Selection of the most suitable EMR to be adopted by the organization †¢ Compose a lead team to campaign for the EMR system †¢ Generate an implementation plan †¢ List/choosing the required equipments and software †¢ Training the organization’s staffs †¢ Select security provider to the data/ information sites †¢ Input the selected data of interest Timeline The first day will be the discussion on the redundancy experienced within the organizations so as to determine the appropriate EMR system. The second day will be formation of a steering team that would work together towards ensuring success of the project. Third will be generation of a list of items: equipments and software that would be used. Then, this will be followed by the installation of the system that would take a bout a week. This will run concurrently with the training of the staff members on the new system though the training will be extended by another week for practical skill acquisition.

Operational Requirements And Service Conditions Of Piston Engineering Essay

Operational Requirements And Service Conditions Of Piston Engineering Essay ABSTRACT There is an extent in changing the trend of the material by its properties and its characteristic. The majority of the materials completely depend on the application of the material in the component and its versatility. The components by material vary from each other by its properties. The materials have the tendency to change its manufacturing process by its character. A component can be manufactured by using various materials depending according to the application and its life. In this paper we discussed about the manufacturing process of the components like piston, connecting rod and the crank shaft. The alternative methodologies and usage of alternative materials are also explained by using CES chart with its advantages. INTRODUCTION Selecting the appropriate material is an integral part of the successful implementation of an engineers design. A design engineers ability to objectively quantify the combined marketing, technical and manufacturing requirements as they apply to the material selection is critical to the actual as well as the perceived success of the product. This paper contains a deep knowledge about the selection of the material and its manufacturing procedure with justification. CHAPTER 1 GENERAL COMPONENT DETAILS 1.1 PISTON The piston is the most essential component of the engine which actually transfer the energy output from the combustion chamber to the crankshaft through connecting rod. This is a pressure-tight cylindrical plunger which is subjected to the expanding gas pressure. Basically, piston structural components are head, skirt, gudgeon pin, grooves and lands. 1.1.1 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND SERVICE CONDITIONS OF PISTON Hence in order to transmit this high power output the piston must be designed lightly and must be robust. The piston must be of higher strength material that can with stand the high pressure that is been generated due to the burning of air-fuel mixture within the cylinder. Piston must be fitted properly to control the expansion due to temperature, without which the piston will fit loosely when in cold and they bind themselves when it gets warmed. 1.1.2 FUNCTIONS OF PISTON Transmit energy from combustion unit to piston pin, Serve as a carrier for the piston ring which seals the compression in the cylinder, Act as a guide for upper end of the connecting rod, Withstand high temperature expansion Despite the heat energy to the coolant. piston.gif Fig(1) Piston Assembly Conditions of piston at normally high speed, Piston moves from the top to bottom of the cylinder and vice versa with a acceleration of speed of around 50mph at midpoint and decelerates. The piston is subjected to pressure of about 6.8MPA. The piston is subjected to temperature of about 315 °C.[1] 1.1.3 DESIRABLE MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS The Piston materials must meet the following conditions, [2] Low thermal expansions for arresting the hot gases. High thermal conductivity for releasing heat from piston head. High strength to mass ratio (light weight) for transmitting high power output. High fatigue strength for increasing the material strength. Good resistance to surface abrasion. To reduce skirt and ring groove wear. 1.2 CONNECTING ROD Connecting rod is a part of the engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft. This connecting rod converts the linear motion of the piston to rotating motion to the crankshaft. 1.2.1 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND SERVICE CONDITIONS [] Connecting rods should be made as long as possible to reduce the oblique angle by the cylinder axis. Both tensile and compressive stresses are produced due to piston reciprocating-inertia loads. In order to evade scuffing proper lubrication is needed. Lubrication of the small end by a hole drilled along the shank should be so arranged that the hole intersects the big end bore circumferentially. To prevent buckling the rod shank is made in an H section, i.e., with a central web and two end flanges. Intense heat is generated at high rotational speed, so large bearing area is required to make the rod wear well. They should be checked for the correct length, weight distribution, straightness and freedom from twist. 1.2.2 FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTING ROD As the word is self explanatory, the connecting rod connects the piston and the crankshaft. The connecting rod continuously transmits energy from the combustion chamber to the crank shaft. It actually converts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion of the crankshaft. These dynamic motions of the connecting rod makes it as light as possible whilst having a rigid section. 14900_19847.jpg 1.2.3 DESIRABLES MATERIAL CONDITIONS Must be strong to remain rigid under loading and light enough to reduce the inertia forces. Material must have good elastic modulus. It must have high fatigue strength in order to avoid failure due to high cycle fatigue. Heat capacity of the connecting rod must be high. Must withstand buckling stress due to large compressive loads. Must be of low density to avoid bearing failure. 1.3 CRANKSHAFT Crankshaft is the central link-up for the power produced by each cylinder in the engine. This crankshaft is one of the heavier part of the engine which is to be made strong to withstand the load from the con-rod. 1.3.1 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND SERVICE CONDITIONS Fillet areas locations are to be verified since both torsional and bending loads are experienced during its service life. Counterbalancing of weight is to be considered in order to counteract the centrifugal forces created by crankpin. The projected areas of the big-end and main-end journals must be adequate to withstand maximum cylinder pressure. After grounding should have a surface finish of 0.5 µm to minimize bearing wear. Crankshaft must have the capacity to absorb the thrust loads from clutches or torque converter. 1.3.2 FUNCTIONS It transmits power from combustion chamber to the flywheel through piston, piston rings and connecting rod. It harness and phase the individual cylinders power impulses transmitted through the mechanism of the connecting rod which converts the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion at crankshaft. It changes the linear displacement due to sudden shock caused by the combustion chamber into smooth rotary motion which is the input to many devices. Crankshaft rotates in the cylinder in the cylinder block of the main bearing which supports the crankshaft which reduces the excessive wear. http://www.motorera.com/dictionary/pics/c/crankshaft.gif 1.3.3 DESIRABLES MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Material nominal stress must not exceed 20% of tensile strength in bending and 15% in torsion. Must have the capacity to withstand large force from gas combustion. Must have high heat withstanding capacity. Must have low thermal expansion. Must have high adequate strength, toughness, hardness, and high fatigue strength. CHAPTER 2-MATERIAL SELECTION 2.1 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR PISTON[hh] Material selection process is an integral part of the overall product development process and must be considered in the early phases of the product definition. The material chosen for manufacturing the product is based on the following consideration, Mass consideration Strength and wear consideration Heat-conduction consideration Expansion consideration Based on the above considerations the aluminium alloys satisfies all the factors comparing to cast iron and steel. Mass consideration: Since the pistons reciprocating force is high at high speed, it is necessary to turn to light material instead of cast iron and steel. It has a relative density of 2.6 when compared with 7.8 for cast iron. Strength and wear consideration: Since pure aluminium has low tensile strength of 92 to124 N/mm2 and fall of to 31N/mm2 at 300 °C, it is always alloyed with copper or silicon for piston materials which improves the strength to mass ratio. At high level of silicon, the alloy exhibits excellent surface hardness, wear resistance properties and excellent dimensional stability. Heat-conduction consideration: The better heat dissipation of aluminium-alloy pistons compared to cast-iron pistons greatly reduces the maximum piston-crown operating temperature of 250C 300C for allou pistons and 400 to 500C for cast iron. Expansion Consideration: The thermal expansion is less for Al-Si alloy which has a thermal expansin of 0.000 021 and 0.000 017 per  °C for 12% Si alloy and 22% Si alloy. Fig() CES chart 2.1.1 SURFACE CONSIDERATON: Due to high speed reciprocation of the piston there may be so many losses or issues that must be considered. In that the frictional losses in piston assembly are majorly due to generation of heat. Subsequent raise in temperature can have this effect in the operation. In order to overcome this problem, proper material with good thermal conductivity is chosen. 2.2 MATERIAL SELECTON FOR CON-ROD The connecting rods are crucial and highly stressed component of the automotive engine subjected to alternative tensile and compressive stresses. Hence the material must be chosen based on the following conditions; Good elastic modulus, High fatigue strength, Low density to avoid bearing failure and High heat capacity. Based on the following conditions microalloyed steel is chosen which meets all the requirements mentioned above. This steel has a hardness level of 20-30 HRC. Small microalloying additions of vanadium and niobium are used to increase the strength of carbon steel plates. 1.1%Mn-0.5%Cr is the best combination to obtain thee high fatigue strength. Lowering the carbon content down to 0.33% and increasing the vanadium content to control the hardness gives toughness which improves the fatigue strength of free machining grades with S and Pb. The finally obtained chemical composition is 0.33%C-1.05%Mn-0.5%Cr-0.12%V-.055%S-0.20%Pb-Ca which has fatigue strength of 26% higher than a conventional microalloyed forging steel. As for connecting rod, application of light metal like titanium alloys and aluminium alloys are been tested, due to high cost in light metal the connecting rod are made of microalloyed steel. This structure contains ferrictic-pearlitic-bainit. Fig() CES chart 2.2.1 SURFACE CONSIDERATION The connecting rod is one of the highly stress concentrated part of the automotive engine. It is known that in the four cycle engines the connecting-rod small end is particularly stressed when the con-rod is at top dead centre at the beginning of the induction stroke, since the small end is ovalized by the tensile inertial forces exerted by the mass of the piston assembly. During both the stroke condition (expansion and compression) gudgeon pin pushes the small end along the lower end of the arc, by which the compression load directly acts on the con-rod without considerably stressing the eye. The eye is therefore subjected to repeated stresses, whereas the con-rod shank stress are reversed.(10) 2.3 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR CRANKSHAFT (hh) Crankshaft are from materials which can be readily shaped, machined and heat-treated and which have desirable mechanical properties such as adequate strength, toughness, hardness and high fatigue strength and of course , low cost. The highest quality steels are usually specified for satisfying the constraints given. Metals with optimum combination of bending and the stiffness are identified by creating a charts in CES by using performance indices in axes. From the figure it is clear that the low carbon steel, high carbon steel, low alloy steel and medium carbon steel are satisfying the given constraints. Low alloy steel with chromium-molybdenum is used for crankshaft. This forging steel is suitable for medium to heavy-duty petrol and diesel-engine crankshafts. It presents no difficulty in hot working and afterwards can be easily machined to size. The alloying composition is 0.4% carbon, 1.2% chromium and 0.3% molybdenum. 2.3.1 SURFACE CONSIDERATIONS Since crankshaft is the most highly strained part of the engine with high load acting on it the following factors must be considered. Pitting failure can occur in the crank-pin Due to lack of surface integrity lack of control over stress and temperature. CHAPTER 3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS 3.1 MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR PISTON[SS] Based on the material selected as aluminium alloys for piston, the manufacturing process is carried-out through casting because of its capability to produce near-net shaped parts at the required production rate. Hence the process selected for this component is the Gravity die casting. 3.1.1 GRAVITY DIE CASTING The pistons are produced from high-silicon alloys, such as 413.0 aluminium alloy. This alloy has high fluidity and can create high-definition surfaces through permanent mould casting; it also has high resistance to corrosion, good weldability, and low specific gravity. The universal acceptance of aluminium pistons for internal combustion engine applications is due to mainly to their light weight and high thermal conductivity.[ss] This type of casting is suitable for high volume production. The main advantages are the dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Castings ranging from few grams to 100kgs of aluminium alloy could be casted. This process could achieve higher mechanical properties than other casting by heat treatment. Since silicon has got good properties like, low shrinkage and imparting high fluidity which results in good casting. The maximum amount of silicon in cast alloy are in range of 22%-24%.(11) Manufacturing route: [ss] The h13 tool-steel mould is preheated to 200 °C to 450 °C, depending on the cast alloy and part size. Initially, the preheat is achieved with a hand-held torch, the mould reaches a steady-state temperature. Molten aluminium is heated to between 100 °C-200 °C above its liquidus temperature as shown below. Once the molten shot is in place the piston drives the mould in its place. Because of high thermal conductivity of the mould material, heat extraction from the molten metal is rapid and the metal solidifies in small channels before filling the mould completely. [9] 3.1.2 MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES Silicon has a diamond crystal structure and is consequently very brittle. These silicon structure damage the mechanical properties and nucleates on aluminium phosphide particles that is present in the melt as impurities. Further addition of sodium to the melt getters the phosphorous, which thereby increases the difficulty of sodium nucleation. Solidification is suppressed to lower temperature where the nucleation rate is large. This leads to remarkable refinement of microstructure. [9] Aluminium Silicon [9] From the figure above the dark feature is a shrinkage pore caused by a casting defect. This figure shows the coarse silicon plates in an aluminium matrix. 3.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS Microalloyed connecting-rod is manufactured by a simplified thermomechanical treatment like controlled cooling following hot forging. Through these processes desired properties could be obtained without quenching and tempering treatments. Hence powder forging was selected which would conveniently satisfy the manufacturing process for the selected material and component. 3.2.1 POWDER FORGING Powder forging rods are manufactured by combining metal powders into a pre-form that is sintered and reheated to forging temperature. Then it is completely forged to its final shape and machined to its final dimensions. This mixed powder is compacted at room temperature and high pressure upto to 200 to 400MPa. At the end of the process the powdered material acquires a density of 70 to 85%. This process has resulted in fully dense shape part which makes it suitable for high performance applications where high durability and strength are required. The detailed manufacturing route of this PF process is shown below: [12] The advantages of using PF process are, Good dimensional accuracy Minimum scattering of weight Energy saving [12] 3.2.2 MICROSTRUCTURE [13] [13pdf] From the photograph of the microstructure of the connecting-rod material it is clear that the component contains pearlite and ferrite materials in composition. The above picture clearly indicates that in the powder metal connecting rods oxides are removed from the material surface by shot peening but the oxides are entrapped and remain below the surface causing the crack to originate below the surface . 3.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS 3.3.1 FORGING [ss] The material selected for the crankshaft is forged steel which has a desirable mechanical properties such as adequate strength, toughness, hardness, and high fatigue strength. Hence the suitable manufacturing process for this steel is forging. Forging is a basic process in which the work-piece is shaped by compressive forces applied through various dies and tooling. For this forging process the dimensional tolerance range from  ±0.5 to  ±1% of the forging dimensions. At higher temperatures of about 700 °C dynamic forging recrystallisation occurs which increases the stress and strain deformation of the metal to make it hard. Manufacturing route: Prepare a slug or billet Heat the work-piece in the suitable furnace For hot forging, preheat and lubricate the dies Forge the billet in appropriate dies and in the proper sequence Clean the forging and check its dimensions Perform additional operations such as heat treatments and straightening Inspect for defects In the hot forging process to form a metal billet two or more dies are brought together to each other at a suitable room temperature in a shape of the die impression. This process follows two basic requirements, The strength of the material must be low so that the die pressure can be kept within the limits. The material should be capable of deforming without failure and should allow required amount of deformation. The flow of metal and die filling are mainly determined by (i) flow stress and cooling ability (ii) friction and cooling effects at the material interface. In this process, definite amount of heat is received by all the parts after machining in heat treatment process. This is mainly carried-out to improve fatigue and wear properties. High quality parts with moderate cost can be made by this process. Thus this process offers high strength to weight ratio, toughness and resistance to impact and fatigue to the material which is considered in the performance of the crank shaft. [14] 3.3.2 MICROSTRUCTURE Heating above recrystallisation temperature causes recrystallisation that removes the microstructure deformed and generated recrystallised grains. After eutectoid-carburizing martensite transformation takes place and a black portion near the surface is formed consisting of fine grains of ferrite and carbide. On quenching from the austentite (ÃŽ ³) phase martensite is formed. This transformation is a diffusion-less shear transformation . Martensite is too brittle in plain carbon steel for practical applications and is subsequently tempered to restore some toughness. CHAPTER 4 ALTERNATE MATERIAL 4.1 ALTERNATE MATERIAL FOR PISTON[hh] Cast iron refers to the family of ferrous alloys composed of iron, carbon ranging from 2.11% to about 4.5% and silicon of about 3.5%. They are classified by their structure ferritic, pearlitic, quenched and tempered or austempered. The equilibrium phase diagram relevant to cast iron is shown below where right boundary is 100%C. The eutectic temperature is 1154 °C and thus cast irons are completely liquid at temperatures lower than those required for liquid steels. One of the major disadvantage of the aluminium as the base metal of the piston is that it has high co-efficient of linear expansion in the range of 0.0000221per °C, compared with 0.0000117per °C of cast iron. Aluminium has twice the expansion rate of cast iron. Cementite is metastable (not completely stable) which has a tremendously low decomposition rate. However it can be made decomposed into alpha-ferrite and graphite. The graphitization can be controlled, promoted and accelerated by adding silicon, controlling the rate of cooling and modifying the composition.[ss] [15] 1.4.1 LIMITATIONS Relative density is high of about 7.8 When in tension, the presence of graphite acts as a stress riser weakens the material. Strength properties of the cast iron are significantly affected by the shape and size of graphite. Higher material and manufacturing cost. The major disadvantage is the shrinkage. 1.4.2 POTENTIAL BENEFITS Presence of graphite in cast iron improves wear-resistance as it acts as a lubricant. High carbon content-degradation of ductility and fracture toughness. Good corrosion-resistance. Easy machinability Wide range of composition and microstructures-easy weldability. 4.2 ALTERNATE MATERIAL FOR CON-ROD The alternate material chosen for connecting rod is aluminium alloyed material as it is light in weight and provides long service life to the part. The aluminium alloys are high strength-to-weight ratio, resistance to corrosion by many chemicals, high conductivity and ease of formability. The material composition of aluminium is 7.6 to 8.4% Zn,1.8-2.3%Mg, 2-2.6%Cu, 0.08-0.25%Zr, 0.10%Si, 0.15%Fe, 0.05%Mn, 0.04%Cr and 0.06%Ti. When compared to othe alloys it convinces the constrains like low thermal expansion, wear-resistant, high fatigue strength and buckling. Majorly this material is chosen based on the following consideration: Mass consideration Strength and wear consideration Expansion consideration Heat-conduction consideration http://www.streetperformance.com/ART/PRODUCTS/100687/14012-8.jpg[19] 2.4.1 LIMITATIONS It is more expensive than cast iron. Low dimensional accuracy and poor surface finish. Solidification is very slow. Occurrence of fracture in short transverse direction. Expansion rate is high when compared to cast iron with oure aluminium. 2.4.2 POTENTIAL BENEFITS Aluminium alloys can be easily machined and welded and formed. High dimensional accuracy with long service life. High yield strength in both tensile and compression. Aluminium is much better conductor of heat than cast iron. Aluminium alloys provide improved resistance to abrasion and produce strength over temperature range. Improves the performances of the piston and thus the engine. 4.3 ALTERNATE MATERIAL FOR CRANKSHAFT As the crankshaft is the heavier moving part in the automotive engine, the material selected for this part has to be strong and light. Titanium alloys having high strength with reduced weight is used for crankshaft until and unless cost is not considered, as this material is very expensive. http://amt-advanced-materials-technology.com/s/cc_images/cache_867254901.jpg[17] 4.3.1 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF TITANIUM ALLOYS Titanium has high melting point of about1678 °C which specifies strong creep and strength above wide temperature range. The density is about 55% of steel with comparable strength. Ti alloys exists in two allotropic forms ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² Presence of thin oxide surface film-resistance over atmospher and sea environments including chlorine and organic chemicals. Reacts rapidly with oxygen, nitrogen and constituents in cutting tools at high temperature. 4.3.2 LIMITATIONS Embrittlement occurs during fabrication because of susceptibility of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Forging with titanium alloys is expensive but it increases the strength of the material. Ti alloys has a tendency to madden when tightening with connecting rod using bolt. Titanium is more difficult to machine due its reactive nature. Niobium Titanium[16] CHAPTER 5 ALTERNATE MANUFACTURING PROCESS 5.1 ALTERNATE MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR PISTON 5.1.1 SAND CASTING Sand casting is a one of the most feasible manufacturing process where the unit production is comparatively less. In this process a mixture of sand and clay is compacted around the pattern in which the pattern retains the shape of the original component to be produced. Then the pattern is removed in order have the cavity in the shape of the pattern. Generally low cost wooden patterns with gateways and runner are used. The molten metal is poured into the gateway by which it runs through the runner and fills the cavity and forms the exact shape of the cavity. Actually this whole system is housed in a box called flask. After which the molten metal allowed to solidify by cooling it. As the molten metal is solidified the sand pattern is broken and final work is done to obtain the finished component. The figure below shows the manufacturing process of the sand casting in detail. http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file.php/1689/T173_2_020i.jpg Fig(8.1) Sand Casting Process [18] 5.1.2ADVANTAGES Low tooling and equipment cost Component with any complicated shape can be produced Relatively cheap process Possibly components can be produced in large quantity. 5.1.3 DISADVANTAGES High tolerance ratio is required Labour cost is high. 5.2 ALTERNATE MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR CON-ROD 5.2.1 SQUEEZE DIE CASTING Squeeze die casting or liquid metal casting involves the process of solidification of molten metal under high pressure. The machinery includes a die, punch and ejector-pin. Under the pressure applied by the punch keeps the entrapped gases in solution and the rapid heat transfer takes place at the die-metal contact which results in fine microstructure with good mechanical properties.[ss] Elimination of shrinkage and gas porosity happens because of precise metal metering, quiescent die filling and high pressure. 5.2.2 ADVANTAGES Precise dimension, Excellent surface finish, Fully shaped component is obtained Complex part can be made to near-shape. 5.2.3 DISADVANTAGES High initial cost Limitation of high fluidity metals[20] 5.3 ALTERNATE MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR CRANKSHAFT 5.3.1 FORGING In forging operations the metal is squeezed to shape by die in which the metal is subjected to large plastic deformation. These metals are placed in-between closed dies under high temperature and pressure which results in succession of the final shape. http://www.forcast.ca/images/00436_faq1.gif[21] Forgings generally are subjected to additional finishing operations, such as heat treating to modify properties and machining to obtain accurate final dimensions and surface finish. 5.3.2 ADVANTAGES Good utilizations of materials Good dimensional accuracy High production rate Good reproducibility Low die costs 5.3.3 DISADVANTAGES Initial cost is high Not economical for small quantities Machining often necessaries